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      The Effects of Fungicide, Soil Fumigant, Bio-Organic Fertilizer and Their Combined Application on Chrysanthemum Fusarium Wilt Controlling, Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Properties

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          Abstract

          Sustained monoculture often leads to a decline in soil quality, in particular to the build-up of pathogen populations, a problem that is conventionally addressed by the use of either fungicide and/or soil fumigation. This practice is no longer considered to be either environmentally sustainable or safe. While the application of organic fertilizer is seen as a means of combating declining soil fertility, it has also been suggested as providing some control over certain soil-borne plant pathogens. Here, a greenhouse comparison was made of the Fusarium wilt control efficacy of various treatments given to a soil in which chrysanthemum had been produced continuously for many years. The treatments comprised the fungicide carbendazim (MBC), the soil fumigant dazomet (DAZ), the incorporation of a Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR21 ( P . polymyxa SQR21, fungal antagonist) enhanced bio-organic fertilizer (BOF), and applications of BOF combined with either MBC or DAZ. Data suggest that all the treatments evaluated show good control over Fusarium wilt. The MBC and DAZ treatments were effective in suppressing the disease, but led to significant decrease in urease activity and no enhancement of catalase activity in the rhizosphere soils. BOF including treatments showed significant enhancement in soil enzyme activities and microbial communities compared to the MBC and DAZ, evidenced by differences in bacterial/fungi (B/F) ratios, Shannon–Wiener indexes and urease, catalase and sucrase activities in the rhizosphere soil of chrysanthemum. Of all the treatments evaluated, DAZ/BOF application not only greatly suppressed Fusarium wilt and enhanced soil enzyme activities and microbial communities but also promoted the quality of chrysanthemum obviously. Our findings suggest that combined BOF with DAZ could more effectively control Fusarium wilt disease of chrysanthemum.

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          Most cited references36

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          Assessment of soil microbial community structure by use of taxon-specific quantitative PCR assays.

          Here we describe a quantitative PCR-based approach to estimating the relative abundances of major taxonomic groups of bacteria and fungi in soil. Primers were thoroughly tested for specificity, and the method was applied to three distinct soils. The technique provides a rapid and robust index of microbial community structure.
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            Soil enzymology: classical and molecular approaches

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              Application of bio-organic fertilizer can control Fusarium wilt of cucumber plants by regulating microbial community of rhizosphere soil

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                21 April 2016
                April 2016
                : 21
                : 4
                : 526
                Affiliations
                [1 ]College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210000, China; zhaoshuang@ 123456njau.edu.cn (S.Z.); chenxi0872@ 123456163.com (X.C.); 2011104115@ 123456njau.edu.cn (X.D.); aiping_song@ 123456njau.edu.cn (A.S.); fangwm@ 123456njau.edu.cn (W.F.)
                [2 ]Department of Plant and Soil Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; shiping.deng@ 123456okstate.edu
                [3 ]Shanghai Honghua Horticulture Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China; 2008203041@ 123456njau.edu.cn
                Author notes
                [* ] Correspondence: chenfd@ 123456njau.edu.cn ; Tel./Fax: +86-25-8439-5592
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                molecules-21-00526
                10.3390/molecules21040526
                6273536
                27110753
                b07fc67f-767b-4478-a4b3-4dedd7fc5485
                © 2016 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 25 December 2015
                : 18 April 2016
                Categories
                Article

                fusarium wilt,disease incidence,dgge,bacterial/fungi ratio,microbial community

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