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      Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Pharmacology of Polyphenols from Chinese Salvia Species: A Review

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          Abstract

          Salvia species find widespread application in food and pharmaceutical products owing to their large polyphenol content. The main polyphenols in Chinese Salvia species are phenolic acids and flavonoids, which exhibit anti-oxygenation, anti-ischemia-reperfusion injury, anti-thrombosis, anti-tumour, and other therapeutic effects. However, there are few peer-reviewed studies on polyphenols in Chinese Salvia species, especially flavonoids. This review is a systematic, comprehensive collation of available information on the biosynthesis, chemistry, and pharmacology of Chinese Salvia species. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because this review provides a detailed literary resource on the currently available information on various polyphenolic components of Chinese Salvia species, including their bioactivities and structures. In addition, the study provides information that would encourage further investigation of this plant material as a natural resource with potential for a broad range of applications in various industries, such as the food and pharmaceutical industries.

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          Prooxidant Activity of Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Anthocyanins and Carotenoids: Updated Review of Mechanisms and Catalyzing Metals.

          Natural antioxidants, including polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and carotenoids, play an important role in the treatment and prevention of a large number of diseases. However, studies indicate that natural antioxidants can act as prooxidants, which produce free radicals and cause DNA damage and mutagenesis. The prooxidant activity is typically catalyzed by metals, particularly transition metals such as Fe and Cu, present in biological systems. In this article, we aim to review new in vitro and in vivo evidence of the prooxidant activity of phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins and carotenoids. We highlight the role of catalyzing metals, including transition metals, non-transition metals and metalloids, in the prooxidant activity of natural antioxidants. Prooxidant structure-activity relationships of simple phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins and the role of cellular antioxidant defense, including endogenous antioxidant compounds and antioxidant enzymes, are also addressed in this review. In addition, we discuss the question, With respect to in vitro evidence of the prooxidant activity of antioxidants, can we translate this activity into biological systems and the human body? Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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            Antioxidative Phenolic Compounds from Sage (Salvia officinalis)

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              Microbial production of natural and non-natural flavonoids: Pathway engineering, directed evolution and systems/synthetic biology.

              In this review, we address recent advances made in pathway engineering, directed evolution, and systems/synthetic biology approaches employed in the production and modification of flavonoids from microbial cells. The review is divided into two major parts. In the first, various metabolic engineering and system/synthetic biology approaches used for production of flavonoids and derivatives are discussed broadly. All the manipulations/engineering accomplished on the microorganisms since 2000 are described in detail along with the biosynthetic pathway enzymes, their sources, structures of the compounds, and yield of each product. In the second part of the review, post-modifications of flavonoids by four major reactions, namely glycosylations, methylations, hydroxylations and prenylations using recombinant strains are described.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                02 January 2019
                January 2019
                : 24
                : 1
                : 155
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Inner Mongolia Research Center of Characteristic Medicinal Plants Cultivation and Protection Engineering Technology, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; yiuje_sgnaw@ 123456outlook.com (J.W.); xu_jianping1992@ 123456163.com (J.X.); gongxue_2017@ 123456yeah.net (X.G.); yangmin_0406@ 123456aliyun.com (M.Y.)
                [2 ]Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: zchlhh@ 123456126.com (C.Z.); prof_liminhui@ 123456yeah.net (M.L.); Tel.: +86-0472-7167795 (C.Z.); +86-0472-7167890 (M.L.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5366-8464
                Article
                molecules-24-00155
                10.3390/molecules24010155
                6337547
                30609767
                b084160a-547c-4b2f-80cd-ec44b9b77532
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 11 December 2018
                : 29 December 2018
                Categories
                Review

                biosynthesis,chemistry,polyphenols,phenolic acids,pharmacology,salvia

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