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      Short-Term Reliability and Continuity of Emotional Availability in Mother-Child Dyads Across Contexts of Observation

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          Contemporary research on parenting. The case for nature and nurture.

          Current findings on parental influences provide more sophisticated and less deterministic explanations than did earlier theory and research on parenting. Contemporary research approaches include (a) behavior-genetic designs, augmented with direct measures of potential environmental influences; (b) studies distinguishing among children with different genetically influenced predispositions in terms of their responses to different environmental conditions; (c) experimental and quasi-experimental studies of change in children's behavior as a result of their exposure to parents' behavior, after controlling for children's initial characteristics; and (d) research on interactions between parenting and nonfamilial environmental influences and contexts, illustrating contemporary concern with influences beyond the parent-child dyad. These approaches indicate that parental influences on child development are neither as unambiguous as earlier researchers suggested nor as insubstantial as current critics claim.
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            Toward an experimental ecology of human development.

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              Parenting and its Effects on Children: On Reading and Misreading Behavior Genetics

              There is clear evidence that parents can and do influence children. There is equally clear evidence that children’s genetic makeup affects their own behavioral characteristics, and also influences the way they are treated by their parents. Twin and adoption studies provide a sound basis for estimating the strength of genetic effects, although heritability estimates for a given trait vary widely across samples, and no one estimate can be considered definitive. This chapter argues that knowing only the strength of genetic factors, however, is not a sufficient basis for estimating environmental ones and indeed, that attempts to do so can systematically underestimate parenting effects. Children’s genetic predispositions and their parents’ childrearing regimes are seen to be closely interwoven, and the ways in which they function jointly to affect children’s development are explored.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Infancy
                Informa UK Limited
                15250008
                July 2006
                July 2006
                : 10
                : 1
                : 1-16
                Article
                10.1207/s15327078in1001_1
                b0878641-2822-4aaa-835d-45bbd41d2366
                © 2006

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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