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      Emission Tomography: SPECT and PET Translated title: Tomografia por Emissão: SPECT e PET

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          Abstract

          Emission tomography is a medical image modality that utilizes molecules labelled with radionuclides, the radiopharmaceuticals, to obtain functional information about specific tissues or systems. In SPECT, Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography, the radionuclide decays by emitting one or more photons, while in PET, Positron Emission Tomography, the radionuclide emits a positron, in order to reach a lower energy level. Although the forms of energy emitted are different, the images are reconstructed from the information acquired by external detection of the emitted photons (SPECT) and the pair of annihilation photons (PET) in coincidence. Due to the specificity and characteristics of these images, their information can be quantified, so that functional or metabolic parameters can be obtained for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. However, in order to achieve reliable results, factors related to the instrumentation and patient conditions, as well as to the interactions between radiations and tissues and the reconstruction methods have to be considered carefully. In this lecture, after the introduction of the fundamentals of nuclear medicine imaging, the basis of emission tomography acquisition and reconstruction will be presented. Some correction methods will be introduced in order to exemplify the current quantifications adopted in the clinical routine of molecular imaging.

          Translated abstract

          Tomografia por emissão é uma modalidade de imagem médica que utiliza moléculas marcadas com radionuclídeos, os radiofármacos, para obter informação funcional sobre tecidos ou sistemas específicos. Em SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography), tomografia por emissão de fóton único, o radionuclídeo decai emitindo um ou mais fótons, enquanto que em PET (Positron Emission Tomography), o radionuclídeo emite um pósitron para alcançar um nível energético mais baixo. Apesar de as formas de energia emitida serem diferentes, as imagens são reconstruídas a partir das informações adquiridas pela detecção externa dos fótons emitidos (em SPECT) e do par de fótons de aniquilação (PET) em coincidência. Devido à especificidade e às características dessas imagens, suas informações podem ser quantificadas, de modo que os parâmetros funcionais ou metabólicos possam ser obtidos para fins de diagnóstico ou terapia. Entretanto, para se conseguir resultados confiáveis, fatores relacionados à instrumentação e às condições do paciente, assim como as interações entre as radiações e tecidos e os métodos de reconstrução, devem ser considerados cuidadosamente. Nesta palestra, após uma introdução aos fundamentos da formação de imagem de medicina nuclear, serão apresentadas as bases da aquisição e da reconstrução tomográfica. Alguns métodos de correção serão introduzidos para exemplificar as quantificações correntemente adotadas na rotina clínica do imageamento molecular.

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          Most cited references38

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          Analytic 3D image reconstruction using all detected events

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            EM reconstruction algorithms for emission and transmission tomography.

            Two proposed likelihood models for emission and transmission image reconstruction accurately incorporate the Poisson nature of photon counting noise and a number of other relevant physical features. As in most algebraic schemes, the region to be reconstructed is divided into small pixels. For each pixel a concentration or attenuation coefficient must be estimated. In the maximum likelihood approach these parameters are estimated by maximizing the likelihood (probability of the observations). EM algorithms are iterative techniques for finding maximum likelihood estimates. In this paper we discuss the general principles behind all EM algorithms and derive in detail the specific algorithms for emission and transmission tomography. The virtues of the EM algorithms include (a) accurate incorporation of a good physical model, (b) automatic inclusion of non-negativity constraints on all parameters, (c) an excellent measure of the quality of a reconstruction, and (d) global convergence to a single vector of parameter estimates. We discuss the specification of necessary physical features such as source and detector geometries. Actual reconstructions are deferred to a later time.
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              Brain SPECT in neurology and psychiatry.

              Structural and functional images of the brain play an important role as powerful adjuncts in the management of an increasing number of neurologic and psychiatric diseases. Brain SPECT, in particular, with perfusion agents or with neuroreceptor imaging radiopharmaceuticals, is rapidly becoming a clinical tool in many places. For many neurologic and psychiatric conditions, this imaging modality has been used in diagnosis, prognosis assessment, evaluation of response to therapy, risk stratification, detection of benign or malignant viable tissue, and choice of medical or surgical therapy. The importance of this technique in nuclear medicine today should not be overlooked, particularly in cerebrovascular diseases, dementias, epilepsy, head injury, malignant brain tumors, movement disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, schizophrenia, depression, panic disorder, and drug abuse.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cys
                Computación y Sistemas
                Comp. y Sist.
                Centro de Investigación en computación, IPN (México )
                1405-5546
                March 2004
                : 7
                : 3
                : 167-174
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S1405-55462004000100004
                b09f028d-bd7f-4c29-9603-05a8aea9a017

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                Computer Science, Information Systems

                Information systems & theory
                Emission tomography,functional imaging,iterative reconstruction,nuclear medicine,PET,quantification,SPECT,Tomografia por emissão,imageamento funcional,reconstrução iterativa,medicina nuclear,quantificação

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