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      Patologia do transplante renal: achados morfológicos principais e como laudar as biópsias Translated title: Renal transplant pathology: main morphological findings and how to sign out biopsies

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          Abstract

          O transplante renal alcançou expressivos e crescentes índices de sucesso desde sua implantação, constituindo atualmente uma terapia substitutiva de larga escala. É cada vez mais freqüente o encontro de biópsias de enxerto renal na rotina dos laboratórios de patologia, cujos achados são os mais variados. Este artigo resulta da experiência dos membros do Clube do Rim (da Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia) e apresenta um panorama geral da patologia do transplante renal, enfatizando a atual classificação de Banff, com suas principais categorias e entidades de diagnóstico problemático.

          Translated abstract

          Renal transplant has reached remarkable and growing rates of success since its introduction; nowadays it is a widely used replacement therapy. Renal allograft biopsies are increasingly more frequent in the routine of pathology laboratories, whose histological findings are varied. This paper results from the expertise of the members of the Kidney Club of Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia, and presents a general overview of renal allograft pathology, focusing on the current Banff classification, its main categories and cases of difficult diagnosis.

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          Most cited references60

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          The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology.

          Standardization of renal allograft biopsy interpretation is necessary to guide therapy and to establish an objective end point for clinical trials. This manuscript describes a classification, Banff 97, developed by investigators using the Banff Schema and the Collaborative Clinical Trials in Transplantation (CCTT) modification for diagnosis of renal allograft pathology. Banff 97 grew from an international consensus discussion begun at Banff and continued via the Internet. This schema developed from (a) analysis of data using the Banff classification, (b) publication of and experience with the CCTT modification, (c) international conferences, and (d) data from recent studies on impact of vasculitis on transplant outcome. Semiquantitative lesion scoring continues to focus on tubulitis and arteritis but includes a minimum threshold for interstitial inflammation. Banff 97 defines "types" of acute/active rejection. Type I is tubulointerstitial rejection without arteritis. Type II is vascular rejection with intimal arteritis, and type III is severe rejection with transmural arterial changes. Biopsies with only mild inflammation are graded as "borderline/suspicious for rejection." Chronic/sclerosing allograft changes are graded based on severity of tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Antibody-mediated rejection, hyperacute or accelerated acute in presentation, is also categorized, as are other significant allograft findings. The Banff 97 working classification refines earlier schemas and represents input from two classifications most widely used in clinical rejection trials and in clinical practice worldwide. Major changes include the following: rejection with vasculitis is separated from tubulointerstitial rejection; severe rejection requires transmural changes in arteries; "borderline" rejection can only be interpreted in a clinical context; antibody-mediated rejection is further defined, and lesion scoring focuses on most severely involved structures. Criteria for specimen adequacy have also been modified. Banff 97 represents a significant refinement of allograft assessment, developed via international consensus discussions.
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            Banff '05 Meeting Report: differential diagnosis of chronic allograft injury and elimination of chronic allograft nephropathy ('CAN').

            The 8th Banff Conference on Allograft Pathology was held in Edmonton, Canada, 15-21 July 2005. Major outcomes included the elimination of the non-specific term "chronic allograft nephropathy" (CAN) from the Banff classification for kidney allograft pathology, and the recognition of the entity of chronic antibody-mediated rejection. Participation of B cells in allograft rejection and genomics markers of rejection were also major subjects addressed by the conference.
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              Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity: longitudinal assessment by protocol histology.

              The role and burden of cyclosporine (CsA) nephrotoxicity in long-term progressive kidney graft dysfunction is poorly documented. The authors evaluated 888 prospective protocol kidney biopsy specimens from 99 patients taken regularly until 10 years after transplantation for evidence of CsA nephrotoxicity. The most sensitive histologic marker of CsA nephrotoxicity was arteriolar hyalinosis, predicted by CsA dose and functional CsA nephrotoxicity. Striped fibrosis was associated with early initiation of CsA and the need for posttransplant dialysis (both P < 0.05). The 10-year cumulative Kaplan-Meier prevalence of arteriolar hyalinosis, striped fibrosis, and tubular microcalcification was 100%, 88.0%, and 79.2% of kidneys, respectively. Beyond 1 year, 53.9% had two or more lesions of CsA nephrotoxicity. Structural CsA nephrotoxicity occurred in two phases, with different clinical and histologic characteristics. The acute phase occurred with a median onset 6 months after transplantation, was usually reversible, and was associated with functional CsA nephrotoxicity (P < 0.05), high CsA levels (P < 0.05), and mild arteriolar hyalinosis (P < 0.001). The chronic phase of CsA nephrotoxicity persisted over several biopsies, occurred at a median onset of 3 years, and was associated with lower CsA doses and trough levels (both P < 0.05). It was largely irreversible and accompanied by severe arteriolar hyalinosis and progressive glomerulosclerosis (both P < 0.001). A threshold CsA dose of 5 mg/kg/day predicted worsening of arteriolar hyalinosis on sequential histology. Pathologic changes of CsA nephrotoxicity were virtually universal by 10 years and exacerbated chronic allograft nephropathy. CsA is unsuitable as a universal, long-term immunosuppressive agent for kidney transplantation. Strategies to ameliorate or avoid nephrotoxicity are thus urgently needed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jbpml
                Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial
                J. Bras. Patol. Med. Lab.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica (Rio de Janeiro )
                1678-4774
                August 2008
                : 44
                : 4
                : 293-304
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Metropolitana de Santos
                [2 ] Centro Universitário Lusíadas
                [3 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [4 ] Universidade Federal de São Paulo Brazil
                [5 ] Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre
                [6 ] Salomão & Zoppi Medicina Diagnóstica
                [7 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [8 ] Universidade Federal Fluminense Brazil
                Article
                S1676-24442008000400010
                10.1590/S1676-24442008000400010
                b0a5ac60-b370-492e-ba01-75c6d9c5d4ce

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1676-2444&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
                MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL
                PATHOLOGY

                Pathology,Medicine,Clinical chemistry
                Acute rejection,Rejeição aguda,Banff,Nefropatia crônica do enxerto,Chronic allograft nephropathy

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