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      • Record: found
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      Long noncoding RNAs, emerging players in muscle differentiation and disease

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          The vast majority of the mammalian genome is transcribed giving rise to many different types of noncoding RNAs. Among them, long noncoding RNAs are the most numerous and functionally versatile class. Indeed, the lncRNA repertoire might be as rich as the proteome. LncRNAs have emerged as key regulators of gene expression at multiple levels. They play important roles in the regulation of development, differentiation and maintenance of cell identity and they also contribute to disease. In this review, we present recent advances in the biology of lncRNAs in muscle development and differentiation. We will also discuss the contribution of lncRNAs to muscle disease with a particular focus on Duchenne and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophies.

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          RNA maps reveal new RNA classes and a possible function for pervasive transcription.

          Philipp Kapranov, Jill Cheng, Sujit Dike … (2007)
          Significant fractions of eukaryotic genomes give rise to RNA, much of which is unannotated and has reduced protein-coding potential. The genomic origins and the associations of human nuclear and cytosolic polyadenylated RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides (nt) and whole-cell RNAs less than 200 nt were investigated in this genome-wide study. Subcellular addresses for nucleotides present in detected RNAs were assigned, and their potential processing into short RNAs was investigated. Taken together, these observations suggest a novel role for some unannotated RNAs as primary transcripts for the production of short RNAs. Three potentially functional classes of RNAs have been identified, two of which are syntenically conserved and correlate with the expression state of protein-coding genes. These data support a highly interleaved organization of the human transcriptome.
          Article 0 comments Cited 989 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A coding-independent function of gene and pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology

            Laura Poliseno, Leonardo Salmena, JiangWen Zhang … (2010)
            The canonical role of messenger RNA (mRNA) is to deliver protein-coding information to sites of protein synthesis. However, given that microRNAs bind to RNAs, we hypothesized that RNAs possess a biological role in cancer cells that relies upon their ability to compete for microRNA binding and is independent of their protein-coding function. As a paradigm for the protein-coding-independent role of RNAs, we describe the functional relationship between the mRNAs produced by the PTEN tumour suppressor gene and its pseudogene (PTENP1) and the critical consequences of this interaction. We find that PTENP1 is biologically active as determined by its ability to regulate cellular levels of PTEN, and that it can exert a growth-suppressive role. We also show that PTENP1 locus is selectively lost in human cancer. We extend our analysis to other cancer-related genes that possess pseudogenes, such as oncogenic KRAS. Further, we demonstrate that the transcripts of protein coding genes such as PTEN are also biologically active. Together, these findings attribute a novel biological role to expressed pseudogenes, as they can regulate coding gene expression, and reveal a non-coding function for mRNAs.
            Article 0 comments Cited 978 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Small silencing RNAs: an expanding universe.

              Megha Ghildiyal, Phillip Zamore (2009)
              Since the discovery in 1993 of the first small silencing RNA, a dizzying number of small RNA classes have been identified, including microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). These classes differ in their biogenesis, their modes of target regulation and in the biological pathways they regulate. There is a growing realization that, despite their differences, these distinct small RNA pathways are interconnected, and that small RNA pathways compete and collaborate as they regulate genes and protect the genome from external and internal threats.
              Article 0 comments Cited 746 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Maria Victoria Neguembor
                Mathivanan Jothi
                Davide Gabellini
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Skelet Muscle
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Skelet Muscle
                Title: Skeletal Muscle
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 2044-5040
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 March 2014
                Volume: 4
                Page: 8
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Dulbecco Telethon Institute at San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem cells, and Gene therapy, DIBIT2, 5A3, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2044-5040-4-8
                DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-4-8
                PMC ID: 3973619
                PubMed ID: 24685002
                SO-VID: b0ad1e2c-2714-4789-9e67-fc56f07e7e00
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Neguembor et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 14 February 2014
                Date accepted : 11 March 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Rheumatology
                Keywords: chromatin,dmd,fshd,muscular dystrophy,ncrna,repeat
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Rheumatology
                Keywords: chromatin, dmd, fshd, muscular dystrophy, ncrna, repeat

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