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      Bioactive natural compounds against human coronaviruses: a review and perspective

      review-article
      Author(s): a , b , ∗ , 1 , a , 1 , c , d , a , a , b , e , 2 , d , f , 3
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B
      Publisher: Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
      Keywords: Natural compounds, Coronavirus, RNA-virus, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, : ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, CoVs, coronaviruses, COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019, DAT, desaminotyrosine, ER, endoplasmic reticulum, ERGIC, endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi intermediate compartment, HCoVs, human coronaviruses, HLH, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, HR, heptad repeats, HSV, herpes simplex virus, IL, interleukin, LHQWC, Lian-Hua-Qing-Wen Capsule, MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome, MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase, N protein, nucleocapsid protein, NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB, NCIP, novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia, PLpro, papain-like protease, PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinases, RTC, replication transcription complex, S protein, spike protein, RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription, TCM, traditional Chinese medicine, WHO, World Health Organization, 3CLpro, chymotrypsin-like protease

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Coronaviruses (CoVs), a family of enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, unusually large RNA genome, and unique replication capability. CoVs are known to cause various potentially lethal human respiratory infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the very recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Unfortunately, neither drug nor vaccine has yet been approved to date to prevent and treat these diseases caused by CoVs. Therefore, effective prevention and treatment medications against human coronavirus are in urgent need. In the past decades, many natural compounds have been reported to possess multiple biological activities, including antiviral properties. In this article, we provided a comprehensive review on the natural compounds that interfere with the life cycles of SARS and MERS, and discussed their potential use for the treatment of COVID-19.

          Graphical abstract

          Chinese herbal medicines and natural compounds possess promising antiviral effects against Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and provide a rich resource for novel antiviral drug development. This review provides an update on natural compounds against HCoVs and summarizes the active natural compounds and their possible action mechanisms.

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          Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

          Chaolin Huang, Yeming Wang, Xingwang Li … (2020)
          Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
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            A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

            Peng Zhou, Xing-Lou Yang, Xian-Guang Wang … (2020)
            Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 18 years ago, a large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats 1–4 . Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to infect humans 5–7 . Here we report the identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China. The epidemic, which started on 12 December 2019, had caused 2,794 laboratory-confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak. The sequences are almost identical and share 79.6% sequence identity to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we show that 2019-nCoV is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. Pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non-structural proteins domains show that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV. In addition, 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients. Notably, we confirmed that 2019-nCoV uses the same cell entry receptor—angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)—as SARS-CoV.
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              A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China

              Fan Wu, Su Zhao, Bin Yu … (2020)
              Emerging infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Zika virus disease, present a major threat to public health 1–3 . Despite intense research efforts, how, when and where new diseases appear are still a source of considerable uncertainty. A severe respiratory disease was recently reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. As of 25 January 2020, at least 1,975 cases had been reported since the first patient was hospitalized on 12 December 2019. Epidemiological investigations have suggested that the outbreak was associated with a seafood market in Wuhan. Here we study a single patient who was a worker at the market and who was admitted to the Central Hospital of Wuhan on 26 December 2019 while experiencing a severe respiratory syndrome that included fever, dizziness and a cough. Metagenomic RNA sequencing 4 of a sample of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the patient identified a new RNA virus strain from the family Coronaviridae, which is designated here ‘WH-Human 1’ coronavirus (and has also been referred to as ‘2019-nCoV’). Phylogenetic analysis of the complete viral genome (29,903 nucleotides) revealed that the virus was most closely related (89.1% nucleotide similarity) to a group of SARS-like coronaviruses (genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Sarbecovirus) that had previously been found in bats in China 5 . This outbreak highlights the ongoing ability of viral spill-over from animals to cause severe disease in humans.
              Article 0 comments Cited 5273 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yanfang Xian
                Zhixiu Lin
                Hongxi Xu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Acta Pharm Sin B
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Acta Pharm Sin B
                Title: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B
                Publisher: Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 2211-3835
                ISSN (Electronic): 2211-3843
                Publication date PMC-release: 8 June 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 June 2020
                Affiliations
                [a ]School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong, Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
                [b ]Brain Research Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
                [c ]Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
                [d ]Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
                [e ]Hong Kong Institute of Integrative Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
                [f ]School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong, Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China . lisaxian@ 123456cuhk.edu.hk
                [1]

                These authors have contributed equally to this work.

                [2]

                Tel.: +852 39436347; fax: +852 39420941 (Zhixiu Lin).

                [3]

                Tel.: +86 21 51323089; fax: +86 21 51323089 (Hongxi Xu).

                Article
                Publisher ID: S2211-3835(20)30595-5
                DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.06.002
                PMC ID: 7278644
                PubMed ID: 32834947
                SO-VID: b0b219f6-319e-4f18-a46b-5fa19b555e60
                Copyright © © 2020 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 8 April 2020
                Date revision received : 27 May 2020
                Date accepted : 3 June 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: natural compounds,coronavirus,rna-virus,mers-cov,sars-cov,sars-cov-2,covid-19,: ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2,balf, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,covs, coronaviruses,covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019,dat, desaminotyrosine,er, endoplasmic reticulum,ergic, endoplasmic reticulum–golgi intermediate compartment,hcovs, human coronaviruses,hlh, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,hr, heptad repeats,hsv, herpes simplex virus,il, interleukin,lhqwc, lian-hua-qing-wen capsule,mers, middle east respiratory syndrome,mers-cov, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus,mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase,n protein, nucleocapsid protein,nf-κb, nuclear factor-κb,ncip, novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia,plpro, papain-like protease,pi3k, phosphoinositide 3-kinases,rtc, replication transcription complex,s protein, spike protein,rdrp, rna-dependent rna polymerase,sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome,sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,stat, signal transducer and activator of transcription,tcm, traditional chinese medicine,who, world health organization,3clpro, chymotrypsin-like protease
                Data availability:
                Keywords: natural compounds, coronavirus, rna-virus, mers-cov, sars-cov, sars-cov-2, covid-19, : ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, balf, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, covs, coronaviruses, covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019, dat, desaminotyrosine, er, endoplasmic reticulum, ergic, endoplasmic reticulum–golgi intermediate compartment, hcovs, human coronaviruses, hlh, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, hr, heptad repeats, hsv, herpes simplex virus, il, interleukin, lhqwc, lian-hua-qing-wen capsule, mers, middle east respiratory syndrome, mers-cov, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase, n protein, nucleocapsid protein, nf-κb, nuclear factor-κb, ncip, novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia, plpro, papain-like protease, pi3k, phosphoinositide 3-kinases, rtc, replication transcription complex, s protein, spike protein, rdrp, rna-dependent rna polymerase, sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome, sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, stat, signal transducer and activator of transcription, tcm, traditional chinese medicine, who, world health organization, 3clpro, chymotrypsin-like protease

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