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      Tempo de circulação extracorpórea como fator risco para insuficiência renal aguda Translated title: Cardiopulmonary bypass time as a risk factor for acute renal failure

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO: A insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) no pósoperatório (PO) de cirurgia cardíaca é complicação grave. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o tempo de circulação extracorpórea (CEC) como fator de risco para IRA. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 116 pacientes de um único centro, submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca com CEC. Foram avaliados os dados demográficos, características clínicas, variáveis intra e pós-operatórias. A creatinina sérica e o clearance de creatinina foram avaliados até o 5ºPO. IRA foi definida como necessidade de diálise. Os pacientes foram estratificados em dois grupos: grupo CEC< 70 min e grupo CEC> 90min. RESULTADOS: O aumento médio da creatinina sérica no PO foi 0,18+0,41 no grupo CEC<70min e 0,42+0,44 no grupo CEC>90min (p=0,005). Diálise foi necessária em 1,3% dos pacientes do grupo CEC<70min, e em 12,5% do grupo CEC> 90min (p=0,018). O risco relativo para diálise foi 1,12 (IC 95%, 1,00-1,20) para CEC>90min. Não houve diferença para mortalidade (5,2 versus 7,5%, p=0,631). CONSLUSÃO: O desenvolvimento de IRA no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca foi observado em pacientes com tempo de CEC superior a 90 minutos, embora o clearance de creatinina não tenha demonstrado alteração entre os grupos.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVE: Acute renal failure following heart surgery is a major complication. The aim of this study was to evaluate if duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is an important factor that influences kidney dysfunction. METHODS: One hundred and sixteen patients from a single center referred for heart surgery were evaluated. Demographic factors, clinical data, operative and postoperative variables were evaluated. Serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were calculated until the fifth postoperative day. Acute renal failure was defined as the requirement of dialysis therapy. Patients were divided into two groups, the CPB<70min Group, patients with CPB duration equal to or less than 70 minutes and the CPB<90min Group, patients with CPB duration equal to or more than 90 minutes. RESULTS: The median increases in serum creatinine were 0.18 + 0.41(CPB<70min) and 0.42 + 0.44 (CPB>90min p=0.005). Dialysis was indicated in 1.3% (CPB<70min) and 12.5% 90min - p = 0.018). The odds ratio for dialysis was 1.12 (95% CI; 1.00-1.20) for CPB>90min. There was no significant difference in mortality (5.2 versus 7.5%, p = 0.631). CONCLUSION: The greatest likelihood of developing kidney failure after heart surgery is observed when CPB is at least 90 minutes, although creatinine clearance was not significantly altered between the groups studied.

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          Most cited references27

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          Kidney dysfunction in the postoperative period.

          J Sear (2005)
          The development of perioperative acute renal failure is associated with a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. Although this incidence varies with different surgical procedures and with the definition used for renal failure, we now understand better the aetiology of the underlying problem. However, successful strategies to provide renal protection or strategies for 'rescue therapy' are either lacking, unsubstantiated by randomized clinical trials, or show no significant efficacy. The present review considers the physiology and pharmacology of the kidney; the characterization of tests of renal function; the cause of postoperative renal dysfunction; what is presently available for its prevention and treatment; and the effect of postoperative renal impairment on patient outcome.
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            The systemic inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass: pathophysiological, therapeutic, and pharmacological considerations.

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              Identification of patients at greatest risk for developing major complications at cardiac surgery.

              As part of a prospective program to use risk-adjusted outcome (operative mortality and morbidity) as a measure of quality of care, we have analyzed perioperative complication data in 10,634 patients representing 73% of all patients undergoing cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass at Veterans Administration medical centers between April 1, 1987, and March 31, 1989. One or more complications occurred in 15% of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, and in 24% of patients undergoing valve and other cardiac surgery. Patients experiencing one or more complications had an eightfold to 10-fold increase in operative mortality compared with patients with no perioperative complications. The most frequent complication was requirement for mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours occurring in 8% of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass and in 15% of patients undergoing valve and other cardiac surgery; 24-25% of these patients died within 30 days of surgery or as a direct result of a surgical complication. Previous heart surgery was a strong predictor of development of one or more complications in both groups of patients, being associated with an adjusted relative risk of 1.6-2.0. Other important predictors in both surgical groups were surgical priority, older age, peripheral vascular disease, and higher serum creatinine. Although a number of preoperative risk factors could be identified for the development of renal failure, low cardiac output, and requirement for prolonged mechanical support, few risk factors could be identified for the development of mediastinitis and reoperation for bleeding. This observation suggests that mediastinitis and reoperation for bleeding are more likely the result of technical factors rather than patient-related risk factors.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbccv
                Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery
                Braz. J. Cardiovasc. Surg.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular (São José do Rio Preto )
                1678-9741
                June 2007
                : 22
                : 2
                : 201-205
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Estadual Paulista Brazil
                [2 ] Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo
                [3 ] Faculdade Método de São Paulo Brazil
                [4 ] Universidade Estadual Paulista Brazil
                Article
                S0102-76382007000200008
                10.1590/S0102-76382007000200008
                b0b2e0b9-7ae8-4897-b0e7-fce3f6738ff0

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0102-7638&lng=en
                Categories
                CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS
                SURGERY

                Surgery,Cardiovascular Medicine
                Extracorporeal circulation,Renal insufficiency,Dialysis,Circulação extracorpórea,Insuficiência renal,Diálise

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