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      Utilization of bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) for sustainable food and nutrition security in semi-arid regions of Zimbabwe

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          Abstract

          Bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) is an indigenous legume crop, cultivated by subsistence farmers throughout sub-Saharan countries. Research findings indicate that the crop has great nutritional and agronomic potential, but it remains scientifically neglected. A baseline study was conducted in seven districts in semi-arid regions of rural Zimbabwe to gather knowledge on current production and utilization of bambara groundnut, assess its role in providing sustainable food and nutrition security for rural populations and determine priorities for follow-up research. Results revealed a variety of bambara groundnut processing techniques, which included boiling, soaking, roasting and milling across the surveyed districts. Reported constraints to processing and consumption included long cooking time, difficulties with milling and high firewood and water requirements. Fifty to eighty percent of respondents in all districts consumed bambara groundnut once or twice weekly from August to December. Preferred consumer attributes were taste, the satiating effect, nutritional benefits or a combination of these. Current, culturally acceptable processing techniques need improvement to support sustainable bambara groundnut processing while optimising nutrient bio-accessibility. Ultimately, community resilience to food and nutrition insecurity can be promoted by exchange of bambara groundnut processing knowledge amongst the production areas, involving the different stakeholders in the food supply chains.

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          Pulse proteins: Processing, characterization, functional properties and applications in food and feed

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            Understanding Sustainable Diets: A Descriptive Analysis of the Determinants and Processes That Influence Diets and Their Impact on Health, Food Security, and Environmental Sustainability123

            The confluence of population, economic development, and environmental pressures resulting from increased globalization and industrialization reveal an increasingly resource-constrained world in which predictions point to the need to do more with less and in a “better” way. The concept of sustainable diets presents an opportunity to successfully advance commitments to sustainable development and the elimination of poverty, food and nutrition insecurity, and poor health outcomes. This study examines the determinants of sustainable diets, offers a descriptive analysis of these areas, and presents a causal model and framework from which to build. The major determinants of sustainable diets fall into 5 categories: 1) agriculture, 2) health, 3) sociocultural, 4) environmental, and 5) socioeconomic. When factors or processes are changed in 1 determinant category, such changes affect other determinant categories and, in turn, the level of “sustainability” of a diet. The complex web of determinants of sustainable diets makes it challenging for policymakers to understand the benefits and considerations for promoting, processing, and consuming such diets. To advance this work, better measurements and indicators must be developed to assess the impact of the various determinants on the sustainability of a diet and the tradeoffs associated with any recommendations aimed at increasing the sustainability of our food system.
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              The Role of Food and Nutrition System Approaches in Tackling Hidden Hunger

              One of the World’s greatest challenges is to secure sufficient and healthy food for all, and to do so in an environmentally sustainable manner. This review explores the interrelationships of food, health, and environment, and their role in addressing chronic micronutrient deficiencies, also known as “hidden hunger”, affecting over two billion people worldwide. While the complexity and underlying determinants of undernutrition have been well-understood for decades, the scaling of food and nutrition system approaches that combine sustainable agriculture aimed at improved diet diversity and livelihoods have been limited in their development and implementation. However, an integrated system approach to reduce hidden hunger could potentially serve as a sustainable opportunity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                2 October 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 10
                : e0204817
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Food Science and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
                [2 ] Food Quality and Design, Wageningen, The Netherlands
                [3 ] Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
                [4 ] Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
                University of Florence, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9553-5830
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3201-3343
                Article
                PONE-D-18-05554
                10.1371/journal.pone.0204817
                6168134
                30278086
                b0f88a7e-9f8b-4fee-9f74-5722313ceaae
                © 2018 Mubaiwa et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 20 February 2018
                : 15 September 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 5, Pages: 19
                Funding
                Funded by: Netherlands Fellowship Programmes
                Award ID: CF9152/2013
                Award Recipient :
                This research was supported by the Netherlands Fellowship Programmes (grant award CF9152/2013). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Crop Science
                Crops
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Legumes
                People and Places
                Geographical Locations
                Africa
                Zimbabwe
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Professions
                Agricultural Workers
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Condensed Matter Physics
                Phase Transitions
                Vaporization
                Boiling
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Experimental Organism Systems
                Model Organisms
                Maize
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Model Organisms
                Maize
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Grasses
                Maize
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Experimental Organism Systems
                Plant and Algal Models
                Maize
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Food
                Flour
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Food
                Flour
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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