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      Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis: 2012 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America

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          Abstract

          The guideline is intended for use by healthcare providers who care for adult and pediatric patients with group A streptococcal pharyngitis. The guideline updates the 2002 Infectious Diseases Society of America guideline and discusses diagnosis and management, and recommendations are provided regarding antibiotic choices and dosing. Penicillin or amoxicillin remain the treatments of choice, and recommendations are made for the penicillin-allergic patient, which now include clindamycin.

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          The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases.

          Jonathan R Carapetis, Andrew C Steer, E Kim Mulholland … (2005)
          The global burden of disease caused by group A streptococcus (GAS) is not known. We review recent population-based data to estimate the burden of GAS diseases and highlight deficiencies in the available data. We estimate that there are at least 517,000 deaths each year due to severe GAS diseases (eg, acute rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, and invasive infections). The prevalence of severe GAS disease is at least 18.1 million cases, with 1.78 million new cases each year. The greatest burden is due to rheumatic heart disease, with a prevalence of at least 15.6 million cases, with 282,000 new cases and 233,000 deaths each year. The burden of invasive GAS diseases is unexpectedly high, with at least 663,000 new cases and 163,000 deaths each year. In addition, there are more than 111 million prevalent cases of GAS pyoderma, and over 616 million incident cases per year of GAS pharyngitis. Epidemiological data from developing countries for most diseases is poor. On a global scale, GAS is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. These data emphasise the need to reinforce current control strategies, develop new primary prevention strategies, and collect better data from developing countries.
          Article 0 comments Cited 881 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Human infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum (Necrobacillosis), with a focus on Lemierre's syndrome.

            Terry Riordan (2007)
            Human infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum usually involves F. necrophorum subsp. funduliforme rather than F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum, which is a common pathogen in animals. Lemierre's syndrome, or postanginal sepsis, is the most common life-threatening manifestation. Tonsillitis is followed by septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and then a septicemia with septic emboli in lungs and other sites. Recent evidence suggests that F. necrophorum can be limited to the throat and cause persistent or recurrent tonsillitis. F. necrophorum is unique among non-spore-forming anaerobes, first for its virulence and association with Lemierre's syndrome as a monomicrobial infection and second because it seems probable that it is an exogenously acquired infection. The source of infection is unclear; suggestions include acquisition from animals or human-to-human transmission. Approximately 10% of published cases are associated with infectious mononucleosis, which may facilitate invasion. Recent work suggests that underlying thrombophilia may predispose to internal jugular vein thrombophlebitis. Lemierre's syndrome was relatively common in the preantibiotic era but seemed to virtually disappear with widespread use of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infection. In the last 15 years there has been a rise in incidence, possibly related to restriction in antibiotic use for sore throat.
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              Prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis and streptococcal carriage in children: a meta-analysis.

              Nader Shaikh, Erica Leonard, Judith M Martin (2010)
              Prevalence estimates can help clinicians make informed decisions regarding diagnostic testing of children who present with symptoms of pharyngitis. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the (1) prevalence of streptococcal infection among children who presented with sore throat and (2) prevalence of streptococcal carriage among asymptomatic children. We searched Medline for articles on pediatric streptococcal pharyngitis. We included articles in our review when they contained data on the prevalence of group A Streptococcus (GAS) from pharyngeal specimens in children who were younger than 18 years. Two evaluators independently reviewed, rated, and abstracted data from each article. Prevalence estimates were pooled in a meta-analysis and stratified according to age group. Of the 266 articles retrieved, 29 met all inclusion criteria. Among children of all ages who present with sore throat, the pooled prevalence of GAS was 37% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32%-43%). Children who were younger than 5 years had a lower prevalence of GAS (24% [95% CI: 21%-26%]). The prevalence of GAS carriage among well children with no signs or symptoms of pharyngitis was 12% (95% CI: 9%-14%). Prevalence rates of GAS disease and carriage varied by age; children who were younger than 5 years had lower rates of throat cultures that were positive for GAS.
              Article 0 comments Cited 156 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clin Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Clin. Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): cid
                Journal ID (hwp): cid
                Title: Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Print): 1058-4838
                ISSN (Electronic): 1537-6591
                Publication date (Print): 15 November 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 9 September 2012
                Volume: 55
                Issue: 10
                Pages: e86-e102
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
                [2 ] Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System , Miami, Florida
                [3 ] Department of Pediatrics, Hemby Children's Hospital and Eastover Pediatrics , Charlotte, North Carolina
                [4 ] Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
                [5 ] Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, Minnesota
                [6 ] Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
                [7 ] Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
                [8 ] Respiratory Diseases Branch, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Stanford T. Shulman, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611 ( sshulman@ 123456northwestern.edu ).
                Article
                Publisher ID: cis629
                DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis629
                PMC ID: 7108032
                PubMed ID: 22965026
                SO-VID: b0f9ac88-d27e-4994-9249-af54fed833e1
                Copyright © © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@ 123456oup.com
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.

                History
                Date received : 3 July 2012
                Date accepted : 10 July 2012
                Categories
                Subject: IDSA Guideline
                Subject: Medical Guideline

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology

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