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      The Gene Ontology (GO) project in 2006

      research-article
      Gene Ontology Consortium
      Nucleic Acids Research
      Oxford University Press

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          Abstract

          The Gene Ontology (GO) project ( http://www.geneontology.org) develops and uses a set of structured, controlled vocabularies for community use in annotating genes, gene products and sequences (also see http://song.sourceforge.net/). The GO Consortium continues to improve to the vocabulary content, reflecting the impact of several novel mechanisms of incorporating community input. A growing number of model organism databases and genome annotation groups contribute annotation sets using GO terms to GO's public repository. Updates to the AmiGO browser have improved access to contributed genome annotations. As the GO project continues to grow, the use of the GO vocabularies is becoming more varied as well as more widespread. The GO project provides an ontological annotation system that enables biologists to infer knowledge from large amounts of data.

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          Most cited references36

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          Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology

          Genomic sequencing has made it clear that a large fraction of the genes specifying the core biological functions are shared by all eukaryotes. Knowledge of the biological role of such shared proteins in one organism can often be transferred to other organisms. The goal of the Gene Ontology Consortium is to produce a dynamic, controlled vocabulary that can be applied to all eukaryotes even as knowledge of gene and protein roles in cells is accumulating and changing. To this end, three independent ontologies accessible on the World-Wide Web (http://www.geneontology.org) are being constructed: biological process, molecular function and cellular component.
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            GenBank

            GenBank® is a comprehensive database that contains publicly available DNA sequences for more than 165 000 named organisms, obtained primarily through submissions from individual laboratories and batch submissions from large-scale sequencing projects. Most submissions are made using the web-based BankIt or standalone Sequin programs and accession numbers are assigned by GenBank staff upon receipt. Daily data exchange with the EMBL Data Library in the UK and the DNA Data Bank of Japan helps to ensure worldwide coverage. GenBank is accessible through NCBI's retrieval system, Entrez, which integrates data from the major DNA and protein sequence databases along with taxonomy, genome, mapping, protein structure and domain information, and the biomedical journal literature via PubMed. BLAST provides sequence similarity searches of GenBank and other sequence databases. Complete bimonthly releases and daily updates of the GenBank database are available by FTP. To access GenBank and its related retrieval and analysis services, go to the NCBI Homepage at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
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              The Gene Ontology Annotation (GOA) Database: sharing knowledge in Uniprot with Gene Ontology.

              The Gene Ontology Annotation (GOA) database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/GOA) aims to provide high-quality electronic and manual annotations to the UniProt Knowledgebase (Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL and PIR-PSD) using the standardized vocabulary of the Gene Ontology (GO). As a supplementary archive of GO annotation, GOA promotes a high level of integration of the knowledge represented in UniProt with other databases. This is achieved by converting UniProt annotation into a recognized computational format. GOA provides annotated entries for nearly 60,000 species (GOA-SPTr) and is the largest and most comprehensive open-source contributor of annotations to the GO Consortium annotation effort. By integrating GO annotations from other model organism groups, GOA consolidates specialized knowledge and expertise to ensure the data remain a key reference for up-to-date biological information. Furthermore, the GOA database fully endorses the Human Proteomics Initiative by prioritizing the annotation of proteins likely to benefit human health and disease. In addition to a non-redundant set of annotations to the human proteome (GOA-Human) and monthly releases of its GO annotation for all species (GOA-SPTr), a series of GO mapping files and specific cross-references in other databases are also regularly distributed. GOA can be queried through a simple user-friendly web interface or downloaded in a parsable format via the EBI and GO FTP websites. The GOA data set can be used to enhance the annotation of particular model organism or gene expression data sets, although increasingly it has been used to evaluate GO predictions generated from text mining or protein interaction experiments. In 2004, the GOA team will build on its success and will continue to supplement the functional annotation of UniProt and work towards enhancing the ability of scientists to access all available biological information. Researchers wishing to query or contribute to the GOA project are encouraged to email: goa@ebi.ac.uk.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nucleic Acids Res
                Nucleic Acids Research
                Nucleic Acids Research
                Oxford University Press
                0305-1048
                1362-4962
                01 January 2006
                01 January 2006
                28 December 2005
                : 34
                : Database issue
                : D322-D326
                Affiliations
                GO-EBI, EMBL-EBI Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
                Author notes
                Correspondence should be addressed to GO-EBI, EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK. Tel: +44 0 1223 494667; Fax: +44 0 1223 494468; Email: midori@ 123456ebi.ac.uk

                *The current members of the GO Consortium are: Midori A. Harris, Jennifer I. Clark, Amelia Ireland, Jane Lomax (GO-EBI, Hinxton, UK); Michael Ashburner, Russell Collins (FlyBase, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK); Karen Eilbeck, Suzanna Lewis, Chris Mungall, John Richter, Gerald M. Rubin, ShengQiang Shu (BDGP, UC-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA), Judith A. Blake, Carol J. Bult, Alexander D. Diehl, Mary E. Dolan, Harold J. Drabkin, Janan T. Eppig, David P. Hill, Li Ni, Martin Ringwald (MGI, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA); Rama Balakrishnan, Gail Binkley, J. Michael Cherry, Karen R. Christie, Maria C. Costanzo, Qing Dong, Stacia R. Engel, Dianna G. Fisk, Jodi E. Hirschman, Benjamin C. Hitz, Eurie L. Hong, Christopher Lane, Stuart Miyasato, Robert Nash, Anand Sethuraman, Marek Skrzypek, Chandra L. Theesfeld, Shuai Weng (SGD, Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA); David Botstein, Kara Dolinski, Rose Oughtred (Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA); Tanya Berardini, Suparna Mundodi, Seung Y. Rhee (TAIR, Carnegie Institution, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, CA, USA); Rolf Apweiler, Daniel Barrell, Evelyn Camon, Emily Dimmer, Nicola Mulder (GOA Database, UniProt, EBI, Hinxton, UK); Rex Chisholm, Petra Fey, Pascale Gaudet, Warren Kibbe, Karen Pilcher (DictyBase, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA); Carol A. Bastiani, Ranjana Kishore, Erich M. Schwarz, Paul Sternberg, Kimberly Van Auken (WormBase, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA); Michelle Gwinn, Linda Hannick, Jennifer Wortman (The Institute for Genome Research, Rockville, MD, USA); Martin Aslett, Matthew Berriman, Valerie Wood (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK); Susan Bromberg, Cindy Foote, Howard Jacob, Dean Pasko, Victoria Petri, Dorothy Reilly, Kathy Seiler, Mary Shimoyama, Jennifer Smith, Simon Twigger (RGD, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA); Pankaj Jaiswal (Gramene, Department of Plant Breeding, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA); Trent Seigfried (MaizeGDB, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA); Candace Collmer (Wells College, Aurora, NY, USA); Doug Howe, Monte Westerfield (ZFIN, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA).

                Article
                10.1093/nar/gkj021
                1347384
                16381878
                b1098330-31cd-4ec5-80ee-add97814e9ae
                © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved

                The online version of this article has been published under an open access model. Users are entitled to use, reproduce, disseminate, or display the open access version of this article for non-commercial purposes provided that: the original authorship is properly and fully attributed; the Journal and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with the correct citation details given; if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@ 123456oxfordjournals.org

                History
                : 08 September 2005
                : 19 September 2005
                : 19 September 2005
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                Genetics
                Genetics

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