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      El reto de la pandemia de la COVID-19 para la Atención Primaria Translated title: The challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic for Primary Care

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN La COVID-19 ha provocado muchos cambios en el sistema sanitario y, por supuesto, en Atención Primaria. La pandemia ha marcado un antes y un después, tanto a nivel organizativo en los centros de salud como en la manera de abordar las demandas y necesidades de los pacientes, y en el desempeño de la Medicina Familiar. En marzo de 2020 todos veíamos con preocupación cómo la Atención Primaria era invisible para las administraciones. La forma inicial de abordar la atención a la pandemia con un enfoque hospitalocentrista ha condicionado probablemente el diseño organizativo a lo largo de las diferentes oleadas. Al comienzo de la pandemia, la Atención Primaria no disponía de pruebas para el diagnóstico de la COVID-19, y fuimos testigos de cómo la inquietud y el miedo se apoderaba de los médicos y médicas de familia, muy especialmente en aquellas comunidades autónomas (CCAA) en las que el virus azotaba con fuerza a la población. La Atención Primaria, como siempre, se mantuvo cerca de la ciudadanía, priorizando la atención telefónica y dando respuesta a las demandas de los pacientes, muy especialmente al abordaje de la COVID-19. La Atención Primaria trabajó no solo como un eficaz muro de contención de la epidemia, sino también gestionando y resolviendo en el domicilio los casos leves o moderados que no necesitaban ingreso hospitalario. Sin embargo, para seguir haciendo frente a la pandemia y a la nueva situación se precisaban cambios organizativos y de gestión, más profesionales y nuevos roles. Es importante constatar que, para el buen desempeño de la Medicina Familiar del siglo XXI, para que la Atención Primaria salga reforzada de esta pandemia, las soluciones pasan por una adecuada financiación y una apuesta firme por mantener la longitudinalidad.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has led to many changes in the healthcare system including of course in Primary Care. The pandemic has marked a before and after for primary care both on an organisational level in healthcare centres, how patient requests and requirements are tackled and how family medicine is conducted. In March 2020 we all worried at how primary care appeared to be invisible for administrations. How the pandemic was initially managed with a hospital-centric approach probably conditioned the organisational design over the different waves. At the onset of the pandemic, Primary Care did not have tests to diagnose COVID-19, and we witnessed how concern and fear took hold over family doctors, most especially in those autonomous communities in which the virus whipped the population hard. Primary Care as always, stayed close to citizens and priority was given to telephone attention and responding to patient requests, most especially when tackling COVID-19. Primary Care worked not only as an effective protective wall for the epidemic but also to manage and resolve mild or moderate cases at home that needed hospital admission. However, to continue managing the pandemic and the new situation organisational and management changes, more professionals and new roles were all required. It is important to observe that for family medicine to function correctly in the 21st century and so that Primary Care comes out of this pandemic stronger, solutions entail both correct financing and a firm commitment to upholding continuity.

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          Offline: COVID-19 is not a pandemic

          As the world approaches 1 million deaths from COVID-19, we must confront the fact that we are taking a far too narrow approach to managing this outbreak of a new coronavirus. We have viewed the cause of this crisis as an infectious disease. All of our interventions have focused on cutting lines of viral transmission, thereby controlling the spread of the pathogen. The “science” that has guided governments has been driven mostly by epidemic modellers and infectious disease specialists, who understandably frame the present health emergency in centuries-old terms of plague. But what we have learned so far tells us that the story of COVID-19 is not so simple. Two categories of disease are interacting within specific populations—infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and an array of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). These conditions are clustering within social groups according to patterns of inequality deeply embedded in our societies. The aggregation of these diseases on a background of social and economic disparity exacerbates the adverse effects of each separate disease. COVID-19 is not a pandemic. It is a syndemic. The syndemic nature of the threat we face means that a more nuanced approach is needed if we are to protect the health of our communities. © 2020 Peter Scholey Partnership/Getty Images 2020 Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. The notion of a syndemic was first conceived by Merrill Singer, an American medical anthropologist, in the 1990s. Writing in The Lancet in 2017, together with Emily Mendenhall and colleagues, Singer argued that a syndemic approach reveals biological and social interactions that are important for prognosis, treatment, and health policy. Limiting the harm caused by SARS-CoV-2 will demand far greater attention to NCDs and socioeconomic inequality than has hitherto been admitted. A syndemic is not merely a comorbidity. Syndemics are characterised by biological and social interactions between conditions and states, interactions that increase a person's susceptibility to harm or worsen their health outcomes. In the case of COVID-19, attacking NCDs will be a prerequisite for successful containment. As our recently published NCD Countdown 2030 showed, although premature mortality from NCDs is falling, the pace of change is too slow. The total number of people living with chronic diseases is growing. Addressing COVID-19 means addressing hypertension, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases, and cancer. Paying greater attention to NCDs is not an agenda only for richer nations. NCDs are a neglected cause of ill-health in poorer countries too. In their Lancet Commission, published last week, Gene Bukhman and Ana Mocumbi described an entity they called NCDI Poverty, adding injuries to a range of NCDs—conditions such as snake bites, epilepsy, renal disease, and sickle cell disease. For the poorest billion people in the world today, NCDIs make up over a third of their burden of disease. The Commission described how the availability of affordable, cost-effective interventions over the next decade could avert almost 5 million deaths among the world's poorest people. And that is without considering the reduced risks of dying from COVID-19. © 2020 Allison Michael Orenstein/Getty Images 2020 Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. The most important consequence of seeing COVID-19 as a syndemic is to underline its social origins. The vulnerability of older citizens; Black, Asian, and minority ethnic communities; and key workers who are commonly poorly paid with fewer welfare protections points to a truth so far barely acknowledged—namely, that no matter how effective a treatment or protective a vaccine, the pursuit of a purely biomedical solution to COVID-19 will fail. Unless governments devise policies and programmes to reverse profound disparities, our societies will never be truly COVID-19 secure. As Singer and colleagues wrote in 2017, “A syndemic approach provides a very different orientation to clinical medicine and public health by showing how an integrated approach to understanding and treating diseases can be far more successful than simply controlling epidemic disease or treating individual patients.” I would add one further advantage. Our societies need hope. The economic crisis that is advancing towards us will not be solved by a drug or a vaccine. Nothing less than national revival is needed. Approaching COVID-19 as a syndemic will invite a larger vision, one encompassing education, employment, housing, food, and environment. Viewing COVID-19 only as a pandemic excludes such a broader but necessary prospectus. © 2020 xavierarnau/Getty Images 2020 Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
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            Covid-19: a remote assessment in primary care

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              Continuity of care with doctors—a matter of life and death? A systematic review of continuity of care and mortality

              Objective Continuity of care is a long-standing feature of healthcare, especially of general practice. It is associated with increased patient satisfaction, increased take-up of health promotion, greater adherence to medical advice and decreased use of hospital services. This review aims to examine whether there is a relationship between the receipt of continuity of doctor care and mortality. Design Systematic review without meta-analysis. Data sources MEDLINE, Embase and the Web of Science, from 1996 to 2017. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Peer-reviewed primary research articles, published in English which reported measured continuity of care received by patients from any kind of doctor, in any setting, in any country, related to measured mortality of those patients. Results Of the 726 articles identified in searches, 22 fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The studies were all cohort or cross-sectional and most adjusted for multiple potential confounding factors. These studies came from nine countries with very different cultures and health systems. We found such heterogeneity of continuity and mortality measurement methods and time frames that it was not possible to combine the results of studies. However, 18 (81.8%) high-quality studies reported statistically significant reductions in mortality, with increased continuity of care. 16 of these were with all-cause mortality. Three others showed no association and one demonstrated mixed results. These significant protective effects occurred with both generalist and specialist doctors. Conclusions This first systematic review reveals that increased continuity of care by doctors is associated with lower mortality rates. Although all the evidence is observational, patients across cultural boundaries appear to benefit from continuity of care with both generalist and specialist doctors. Many of these articles called for continuity to be given a higher priority in healthcare planning. Despite substantial, successive, technical advances in medicine, interpersonal factors remain important. PROSPERO registration number CRD42016042091.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                albacete
                Revista Clínica de Medicina de Familia
                Rev Clin Med Fam
                Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria (Barcelona, Cataluña, Spain )
                1699-695X
                2386-8201
                2021
                : 14
                : 2
                : 85-92
                Affiliations
                [5] Oviedo Asturias orgnameCentro de Salud El Cristo España
                [3] orgnamesemFYC
                [7] Albacete orgnameCentro de Salud Zona VIII España
                [1] orgnamesemFYC
                [2] orgnamesemFYC
                [4] orgnameInstituto de Investigación Principado de Asturias (ISPA)
                [6] Barcelona orgnameCAP Vallcarca-Sant Gervasi España
                Article
                S1699-695X2021000200008 S1699-695X(21)01400200008
                b118be05-fafe-4cdb-954e-668129132942

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 June 2021
                : 09 June 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículos Especiales

                Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria,COVID-19,Primary Health Care,Health Services Management,Family Practice,Coronavirus Infections,gestión de servicios sanitarios,Atención Primaria de Salud

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