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      The use of whole-body cryotherapy: time- and dose-response investigation on circulating blood catecholamines and heart rate variability

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          A predominance of parasympathetic drive is observed following cold exposure. Such modulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is associated with faster post-exercise recovery. Within this context, whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) has been spreading in sport medicine, though the optimal temperature and frequency are unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of different cryotherapy conditions on the sympathovagal balance.

          Methods

          Forty healthy males were randomly assigned into five different groups (− 110 °C, − 60 °C, − 10 °C, control temperature [≃ 24 °C]) and undertook 5 WBC sessions over 5 consecutive days. Cardiac autonomic activity was assessed through heart rate variability (HRV) using power density of high frequency (HF), root-mean square difference of successive R–R intervals (RMSSD) and sympathovagal balance (LF/HF). Systemic sympathetic activity was assessed via circulating blood catecholamines.

          Results

          Mean weekly RMSSD (pre: 48 ± 22 ms, post: 68 ± 29 ms) and HF (pre: 607 ± 692 ms 2, post: 1271 ± 1180 ms 2) increased ( p < 0.05) from pre to post WBC, only in the − 110 °C condition. A rise in plasma norepinephrine was found after the first − 110 °C WBC session only (pre: 173 ± 98, post: 352 ± 231 ng L −1, p < 0.01); whereas, it was not significant after the 5th session (pre: 161 ± 120, post: 293 ± 245 ng L −1, p = 0.15).

          Conclusion

          These results suggest that one − 110 °C WBC exposure is required to stimulate the ANS. After five daily exposures, a lower autonomic response was recorded compared to day one, therefore suggesting the development of physiological habituation to WBC.

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          Infrared thermal imaging in medicine.

          Jennifer E. Ring, K Ammer (2012)
          This review describes the features of modern infrared imaging technology and the standardization protocols for thermal imaging in medicine. The technique essentially uses naturally emitted infrared radiation from the skin surface. Recent studies have investigated the influence of equipment and the methods of image recording. The credibility and acceptance of thermal imaging in medicine is subject to critical use of the technology and proper understanding of thermal physiology. Finally, we review established and evolving medical applications for thermal imaging, including inflammatory diseases, complex regional pain syndrome and Raynaud's phenomenon. Recent interest in the potential applications for fever screening is described, and some other areas of medicine where some research papers have included thermal imaging as an assessment modality. In certain applications thermal imaging is shown to provide objective measurement of temperature changes that are clinically significant.
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            An Evidence-Based Approach for Choosing Post-exercise Recovery Techniques to Reduce Markers of Muscle Damage, Soreness, Fatigue, and Inflammation: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis

            Olivier Dupuy, Wafa Douzi, Dimitri Theurot … (2018)
            Introduction: The aim of the present work was to perform a meta-analysis evaluating the impact of recovery techniques on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), perceived fatigue, muscle damage, and inflammatory markers after physical exercise. Method: Three databases including PubMed, Embase, and Web-of-Science were searched using the following terms: (“recovery” or “active recovery” or “cooling” or “massage” or “compression garment” or “electrostimulation” or “stretching” or “immersion” or “cryotherapy”) and (“DOMS” or “perceived fatigue” or “CK” or “CRP” or “IL-6”) and (“after exercise” or “post-exercise”) for randomized controlled trials, crossover trials, and repeated-measure studies. Overall, 99 studies were included. Results: Active recovery, massage, compression garments, immersion, contrast water therapy, and cryotherapy induced a small to large decrease (−2.26 < g < −0.40) in the magnitude of DOMS, while there was no change for the other methods. Massage was found to be the most powerful technique for recovering from DOMS and fatigue. In terms of muscle damage and inflammatory markers, we observed an overall moderate decrease in creatine kinase [SMD (95% CI) = −0.37 (−0.58 to −0.16), I2 = 40.15%] and overall small decreases in interleukin-6 [SMD (95% CI) = −0.36 (−0.60 to −0.12), I2 = 0%] and C-reactive protein [SMD (95% CI) = −0.38 (−0.59 to−0.14), I2 = 39%]. The most powerful techniques for reducing inflammation were massage and cold exposure. Conclusion: Massage seems to be the most effective method for reducing DOMS and perceived fatigue. Perceived fatigue can be effectively managed using compression techniques, such as compression garments, massage, or water immersion.
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              Evidence of parasympathetic hyperactivity in functionally overreached athletes.

              Julien Louis, J Gueneron, Laurent Schmitt … (2013)
              We analyzed HR variability (HRV) to detect alterations in autonomic function that may be associated with functional overreaching (F-OR) in endurance athletes. Twenty-one trained male triathletes were randomly assigned to either intensified training (n = 13) or normal training (n = 8) groups during 5 wk. HRV measures were taken daily during a 1-wk moderate training (baseline), a 3-wk overload training, and a 1-wk taper. All the subjects of the intensified training group demonstrated a decrease in maximal incremental running test performance at the end of the overload period (-9.0% ± 2.1% of baseline value) followed by a performance supercompensation after the taper and were therefore diagnosed as F-OR. According to a qualitative statistical analysis method, a likely to very likely negative effect of F-OR on HR was observed at rest in supine and standing positions, using isolated seventh-day values and weekly average values, respectively. When considering the values obtained once per week, no clear effect of F-OR on HRV parameters was found. In contrast, the weekly mean of each HRV parameter showed a larger change in indices of parasympathetic tone in the F-OR group than the control group in supine position (with a 96%/4%/0% chance to demonstrate a positive/trivial/negative effect on Ln RMSSD after the overload period; 77%/22%/1% on LnHF) and standing position [98%/1%/1% on Ln RMSSD; 99%/0%/1% on LnHF; 95%/1%/4% on Ln(LF + HF)]. During the taper, theses responses were reversed. Using daily HRV recordings averaged over each week, this study detected a progressive increase in the parasympathetic modulation of HR in endurance athletes led to F-OR. It also revealed that due to a wide day-to-day variability, isolated, once per week HRV recordings may not detect training-induced autonomic modulations in F-OR athletes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Julien Louis:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9109-0958
                J.B.Louis@ljmu.ac.uk
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Eur J Appl Physiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Eur. J. Appl. Physiol
                Title: European Journal of Applied Physiology
                Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                ISSN (Print): 1439-6319
                ISSN (Electronic): 1439-6327
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 May 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 30 May 2020
                Publication date (Print): 2020
                Volume: 120
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 1733-1743
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.4425.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0368 0654, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, ; Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK
                [2 ]GRID grid.11166.31, ISNI 0000 0001 2160 6368, Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), , Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, ; Poitiers, France
                [3 ]GRID grid.418501.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2163 2398, Medical Department, , French Institute of Sport (INSEP), ; 11 avenue du tremblay, 75012 Paris, France
                Author notes

                Communicated by Narihiko Kondo.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9109-0958
                Article
                Publisher ID: 4406
                DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04406-5
                PMC ID: 7340648
                PubMed ID: 32474683
                SO-VID: b12e708c-b49d-4c53-8a6b-01c68a8eabf1
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2020
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 6 December 2019
                Date accepted : 21 May 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anatomy & Physiology
                Keywords: cryostimulation,autonomic nervous system,body temperature
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anatomy & Physiology
                Keywords: cryostimulation, autonomic nervous system, body temperature

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