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      Serum Levels of Copper, Ceruloplasmin and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme among Silicotic and Non-Silicotic Workers

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          Abstract

          BACKGROUND:

          Silicosis is the most frequently occurring pneumoconiosis.

          AIM:

          Measurement of serum levels of Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), Copper (Cu) and Ceruloplasmin (Cp) in cement workers occupationally exposed to silica dust as biomarkers of exposure rather than biomarkers of effect for silicosis.

          METHODS:

          Plain chest X-ray & pulmonary functions were done for 30 silicotic and 42 non-silicotic workers and 42 controls. CT scan was done for the exposed groups. Serum levels of Cu, Cp and ACE were estimated.

          RESULTS:

          The results showed a higher significant difference between the exposed groups and controls, and between the two exposed groups regarding the mean levels of all measured biochemical parameters. The pulmonary functions were significantly lower among silicotic workers than controls and non-silicotic groups. There was a significant positive correlation between duration of employment and serum ACE and Cu.

          CONCLUSION:

          Since respirable dust exposure-linked lung fibrosis disease is non-curable, the biochemical parameters (Cu, ACE and Cp) can be used as exposure biomarkers to silica dust, providing a better way for early diagnosis of this deadly disease. Down regulating the inflammatory responses could potentially reduce the adverse clinical pulmonary effects of air pollution.

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          Most cited references39

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          Trace elements in human physiology and pathology. Copper.

          Copper is a trace element, important for the function of many cellular enzymes. Copper ions can adopt distinct redox states oxidized Cu(II) or reduced (I), allowing the metal to play a pivotal role in cell physiology as a catalytic cofactor in the redox chemistry of enzymes, mitochondrial respiration, iron absorption, free radical scavenging and elastin cross-linking. If present in excess, free copper ions can cause damage to cellular components and a delicate balance between the uptake and efflux of copper ions determines the amount of cellular copper. In biological systems, copper homeostasis has been characterized at the molecular level. It is coordinated by several proteins such as glutathione, metallothionein, Cu-transporting P-type ATPases, Menkes and Wilson proteins and by cytoplasmic transport proteins called copper chaperones to ensure that it is delivered to specific subcellular compartments and thereby to copper-requiring proteins.
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            The airway epithelium nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 inflammasome is activated by urban particulate matter.

            The airway epithelium is the first line of defense against inhaled insults and therefore must be capable of coordinating appropriate inflammatory and immune responses. We sought to test the hypothesis that the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, an intracellular danger-sensing complex, plays a critical role in airway epithelium-mediated immune responses to urban particulate matter (PM) exposure. In this study we (1) identified NLRP3 and caspase-1 expression in human airway epithelium bronchus and primary cells, (2) characterized NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production from human airway epithelium in response to PM, and (3) performed in vivo PM exposure experiments with wild-type and Nlrp3(-/-) mice. Our results demonstrate that human airway epithelium contains a functional NLRP3 inflammasome that responds to PM exposure with caspase-1 cleavage and production of IL-1β. Exposure of Nlrp3(-/-) and wild-type mice to PM in vivo demonstrates NLRP3-dependent production of IL-1β in the lung, airway neutrophilia, and increases in CD11c(+hi)/MHC class II(+hi) cell numbers in intrathoracic lymph nodes. Our study is the first to characterize airway epithelial NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated immune responses to PM exposure, which might have implications in patients with asthma and other lung diseases. Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Pulmonary capillary endothelium-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in acute lung injury.

              Pulmonary capillary endothelium-bound (PCEB) angiotensin-converting ectoenzyme (ACE) activity alteration is an early, sensitive, and quantifiable lung injury index in animal models. We hypothesized that (1) PCEB-ACE alterations can be found in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) and (2) PCEB-ACE activity correlates with the severity of lung injury and may be used as a quantifiable marker of the underlying pulmonary capillary endothelial dysfunction. Applying indicator-dilution techniques, we measured single-pass transpulmonary hydrolysis of the synthetic ACE substrate (3)H-benzoyl-Phe-Ala-Pro (BPAP) in 33 mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients with a lung injury score (LIS) ranging from 0 (no lung injury) to 3.7 (severe lung injury) and calculated the kinetic parameter A(max)/K(m). Both parameters decreased early during the ALI continuum and were inversely related to APACHE II score and LIS. Hydrolysis decreased with increasing cardiac output (CO), whereas 2 different patterns were observed between CO and A(max)/K(m). PCEB-ACE activity decreases early during ALI, correlates with the clinical severity of both the lung injury and the underlying disease, and may be used as a quantifiable marker of underlying pulmonary capillary endothelial dysfunction.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Open Access Maced J Med Sci
                Open Access Maced J Med Sci
                Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences
                Institute of Immunobiology and Human Genetics (Republic of Macedonia )
                1857-9655
                15 September 2015
                16 June 2015
                : 3
                : 3
                : 467-473
                Affiliations
                [1] National Research Centre, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Cairo, Egypt
                Author notes
                [* ] Correspondence: Dr. Safia Beshir. National Research Center, Environmental & Occupational Department, 33 EL Bohouth st. (former EL Tahrir st.), Dokki, Giza, Cairo P.O. 12622, Egypt. E-Mail: safiabeshir123@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                OAMJMS-3-467
                10.3889/oamjms.2015.065
                4877841
                27275272
                b12ef7f0-eaf4-412d-b342-0d5a53a92e1e
                Copyright: © 2015 Safia Beshir, Hisham Aziz, Weam Shaheen, Eman Eltahlawy.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 12 May 2015
                : 01 June 2015
                : 03 June 2015
                Categories
                Public Health

                serum copper,ceruloplasmin,ace,silicosis
                serum copper, ceruloplasmin, ace, silicosis

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