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      Sprouted Grains: A Comprehensive Review

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          Abstract

          In the last decade, there has been an increase in the use of sprouted grains in human diet and a parallel increase in the scientific literature dealing with their nutritional traits and phytochemical contents. This review examines the physiological and biochemical changes during the germination process, and the effects on final sprout composition in terms of macro- and micro-nutrients and bioactive compounds. The main factors affecting sprout composition are taken into consideration: genotype, environmental conditions experimented by the mother plant, germination conditions. In particular, the review deepens the recent knowledge on the possible elicitation factors useful for increasing the phytochemical contents. Microbiological risks and post-harvest technologies are also evaluated, and a brief summary is given of some important in vivo studies matching with the use of grain sprouts in the diet. All the species belonging to Poaceae ( Gramineae) family as well as pseudocereals species are included.

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          Most cited references228

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          Seed Germination and Dormancy.

          J D Bewley (1997)
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            Active oxygen species and antioxidants in seed biology

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              Seed storage oil mobilization.

              Ian Graham (2008)
              Storage oil mobilization starts with the onset of seed germination. Oil bodies packed with triacylglycerol (TAG) exist in close proximity with glyoxysomes, the single membrane-bound organelles that house most of the biochemical machinery required to convert fatty acids derived from TAG to 4-carbon compounds. The 4-carbon compounds in turn are converted to soluble sugars that are used to fuel seedling growth. Biochemical analysis over the last 50 years has identified the main pathways involved in this process, including beta-oxidation, the glyoxylate cycle, and gluconeogenesis. In the last few years molecular genetic dissection of the overall process in the model oilseed species Arabidopsis has provided new insight into its complexity, particularly with respect to the specific role played by individual enzymatic steps and the subcellular compartmentalization of the glyoxylate cycle. Both abscisic acid (ABA) and sugars inhibit storage oil mobilization and a substantial degree of the control appears to operate at the transcriptional level.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nutrients
                Nutrients
                nutrients
                Nutrients
                MDPI
                2072-6643
                17 February 2019
                February 2019
                : 11
                : 2
                : 421
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; beatricefalcinelli90@ 123456gmail.com
                [2 ]Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Stanley.Lutts@ 123456uclouvain.be
                [3 ]Faculty of Bioscience and Technologies for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Carlo Lerici 1, 64023 Teramo, Italy; fstagnari@ 123456unite.it
                [4 ]Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Via Salaria 1, 63030 Monsampolo del Tronto, Italy; angelica.galieni@ 123456crea.gov.it
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: paolo.benincasa@ 123456unipg.it ; Tel.: +39-075-585-6325
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8502-8026
                Article
                nutrients-11-00421
                10.3390/nu11020421
                6413227
                30781547
                b1829c62-f46f-43cb-b250-eb9f75e6e803
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 22 January 2019
                : 13 February 2019
                Categories
                Review

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                whole grain,germination,sprout,elicitation,phytochemical,health,microbiological safety

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