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      Epidemiology of Major Eye Diseases Leading to Blindness in Europe: A Literature Review

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          Abstract

          The objective of this work was to study the epidemiology of major eye diseases leading to blindness in Europe through a systematic literature review. The literature search was performed using the Medline database (PubMed), with MeSH and free text search terms. Inclusion criteria for the studies were: (a) performed on a healthy population of Caucasian origin aged between 50 and 75 years; (b) diagnosed by ophthalmological examination in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases 10; (c) contained a detailed description of the sampling and diagnostic procedures and data resources; (d) sample size >500, and (e) published between 1990 and 2008. The results of 57 studies on the prevalence and incidence of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma are reported, providing an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of these diseases in Europe from an epidemiological perspective.

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          Age-related macular degeneration.

          Hanna R. Coleman, Chi-Chao Chan, Frederick L Ferris … (2008)
          Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in elderly populations of European descent. The most consistent risk factors associated with this ocular condition are increasing age and cigarette smoking. Genetic investigations have shown that complement factor H, a regulator of the alternative complement pathway, and LOC387715/HtrA1 are the most consistent genetic risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. Although the pathogenesis of this disease is unknown, oxidative stress might have an important role. Treatment with antioxidant vitamins and zinc can reduce the risk of developing advanced age-related macular degeneration by about a quarter in those at least at moderate risk. Intravitreal injections of ranibizumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits all forms of vascular endothelial growth factor, have been shown to stabilise loss of vision and, in some cases, improve vision in individuals with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. These findings, combined with assessments of possible environmental and genetic interactions and new approaches to modulate inflammatory pathways, will hopefully further expand our ability to understand and treat age-related macular degeneration.
          Article 0 comments Cited 162 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            2002 global update of available data on visual impairment: a compilation of population-based prevalence studies.

            D Pascolini, R Pararajasegaram, S Resnikoff … (2004)
            For the past 25 years, the WHO Programme for the Prevention of Blindness and Deafness has maintained a Global Data Bank on visual impairment with the purpose of storing the available epidemiological data on blindness and low vision. The Data Bank has now been updated to include studies conducted since the last update in 1994. An extensive literature search was conducted in international and national scientific and medical journals to identify epidemiological studies that fulfilled basic criteria for inclusion in the Data Bank, namely a clearly stated definition of blindness and low vision, and prevalence rates derived from population-based surveys. Sources such as National Prevention of Blindness Programmes, academic institutions or WHO country or regional reports were also investigated. Two-hundred-and-eight population-based studies on visual impairment for 68 countries are reported in detail, providing an up-to-date, comprehensive compilation of the available information on visual impairment and its causes globally.
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              Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension in Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study.

              Chun-mei Ying, Vivian B. Nguyen, Jennifer Deneen … (2004)
              To estimate age- and gender-specific prevalences of ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in adult Latinos. Population-based, cross-sectional study. Six thousand three hundred fifty-seven Latinos 40 years and older from 6 census tracts in Los Angeles, California. The study cohort consisted of all self-identified Latinos of primarily Mexican ancestry 40 years and older residing in 6 census tracts in La Puente, California. All participants underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, including measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP), visual field (VF) testing using an automated field analyzer, and simultaneous stereoscopic fundus photography of the optic disc. Ocular hypertension was defined as IOP of >21 mmHg and the absence of optic disc damage or abnormal VF test results. Open-angle glaucoma was defined as the presence of an open angle and various criteria that included a glaucomatous VF abnormality and/or evidence of glaucomatous optic disc damage in at least one eye. Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. For the 6142 participants who underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination at the clinical center, the prevalence of OAG was 4.74% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.22%-5.30%). The prevalence of ocular hypertension was 3.56% (95% CI, 3.12%-4.06%). The prevalences of OAG and ocular hypertension were higher in older Latinos than in younger Latinos (P<0.0001). No gender-related differences in prevalences of OAG and ocular hypertension were present. The mean IOP, mean deviation, and mean vertical cup-disc ratio in persons with OAG were 17 mmHg, -9.6 decibels, and 0.6, respectively. Seventy-five percent of Latinos with OAG and 75% of Latinos with ocular hypertension were previously undiagnosed. Further, 17% of Latinos with OAG and 23% of Latinos with ocular hypertension had received treatment for "glaucoma." Our data suggest that the prevalence of OAG is high among Latinos of Mexican ancestry. The higher prevalence of OAG in older Latinos emphasizes the public health importance of providing eye care services for the early diagnosis and management of this condition in Latinos.
              Article 0 comments Cited 102 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ORE
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ophthalmic Res
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.0030-3747
                Title: Ophthalmic Research
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 0030-3747
                ISSN (Electronic): 1423-0259
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2012
                Publication date (Print): April 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 November 2011
                Volume: 47
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 171-188
                Affiliations
                Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
                Author notes
                *Dr. med. Elena Prokofyeva, MD, MPH, PhD, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Frondsberstrasse 23, DE–72076 Tübingen (Germany), E-Mail elena.prokofyeva@biomed-engineering.de
                Article
                Publisher ID: 329603 Other ID: Ophthalmic Res 2012;47:171–188
                DOI: 10.1159/000329603
                PubMed ID: 22123077
                SO-VID: b1886503-7d21-41a8-87b2-510a1f768991
                Copyright © © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 24 November 2010
                Date accepted : 13 May 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 6, Pages: 18
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Vision sciences,Ophthalmology & Optometry,Pathology
                Keywords: Glaucoma,Age-related macular degeneration,Hypertension,High intraocular pressure,Diabetic retinopathy,Epidemiology,European data,Incidence,Prevalence,Ocular hypertension
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Vision sciences, Ophthalmology & Optometry, Pathology
                Keywords: Glaucoma, Age-related macular degeneration, Hypertension, High intraocular pressure, Diabetic retinopathy, Epidemiology, European data, Incidence, Prevalence, Ocular hypertension

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