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      Lack of Evidence That Bird Feeders Are a Source of Salmonellosis during Winter in Poland

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          Abstract

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          Bird feeders are known to be a transfer site for many important bird pathogens, such as zoonotic Salmonella spp., known to be widespread among wild birds in Poland. The aim of the study was to investigate (1) whether feeders can be a source of Salmonella spp., (2) whether the risk is the same for feeders located in cities and rural areas and (3) whether there is a different level of contamination with Salmonella spp. between old and new feeders. Data were collected in winter 2018 in Poland, and in total, 204 feeders were sampled. Material for analysis consisted of the remains of food and feces. We did not find the presence of Salmonella spp. in any of the tested samples collected from bird feeders. Reasons for the isolation of Salmonella spp. from feeders not being successful lie in the low intensity of bacterial shedding by infected wild birds and low survival of bacteria in the environment.

          Abstract

          Bird feeders are known to be a transfer site for many important bird pathogens, such as zoonotic Salmonella spp., known to be widespread among wild birds in Poland. The aim of the study was to investigate (1) whether feeders can be a source of Salmonella spp., (2) whether the risk is the same for feeders located in cities and rural areas and (3) whether there is a different level of contamination with Salmonella spp. between old and new feeders. Data were collected in the period 12 January–28 February 2018 in four cities in Poland and nearby rural areas. In total, 204 feeders were sampled. The samples from feeders were taken after a 2-week period of feeding birds. Material for analysis consisted of the remains of food and feces. We did not find the presence of Salmonella spp. in any of the tested samples collected from bird feeders. Therefore, the estimated value of the 95% confidence interval for the binary data was 0.000–0.018. Reasons for the isolation of Salmonella spp. from feeders not being successful lie in the low intensity of bacterial shedding by infected wild birds and low survival of bacteria in the environment in bird feces—which are still not well studied.

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          Interval Estimation for a Binomial Proportion

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            Conservation Where People Live and Work

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              Feeding birds in our towns and cities: a global research opportunity

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Animals (Basel)
                Animals (Basel)
                animals
                Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI
                MDPI
                2076-2615
                19 June 2021
                June 2021
                : 11
                : 6
                : 1831
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, PL-60-625 Poznań, Poland; martynafrt@ 123456gmail.com
                [2 ]Department of Biology and Animal Environment, University of Technology and Life Sciences, Mazowiecka 28, PL-85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland; inpio@ 123456poczta.onet.pl
                [3 ]Department of Ecology & Environmental Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, PL-10-727 Olsztyn, Poland; beata.dulisz@ 123456uwm.edu.pl (B.D.); jacek.nowakowski@ 123456uwm.edu.pl (J.J.N.)
                [4 ]Department of Teacher Training and Biodiversity Studies, University of Łódz, Banacha 1/3, PL-90-237 Łódź, Poland; tomasz.janiszewski@ 123456biol.uni.lodz.pl
                [5 ]Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, PL-60-637 Poznań, Poland; szeptycki.jan@ 123456gmail.com
                [6 ]Weterynaryjne Laboratorium Diagnostyczne, Lab-Vet sp z o.o., Okrężna 8, PL-62-080 Tarnowo Podgórne, Poland; wilczynski@ 123456lab-vet.com.pl
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6642-6504
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9475-2868
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8358-0797
                Article
                animals-11-01831
                10.3390/ani11061831
                8234643
                b1961b34-2927-4aee-b20d-ccd8cf26846a
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 04 June 2021
                : 18 June 2021
                Categories
                Communication

                epidemiology,salmonella,zoonosis,one health
                epidemiology, salmonella, zoonosis, one health

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