Ultraviolet Light (UV) Inactivation of Porcine Parvovirus in Liquid Plasma and Effect of UV Irradiated Spray Dried Porcine Plasma on Performance of Weaned Pigs

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Abstract

A novel ultraviolet light irradiation (UV-C, 254 nm) process was designed as an additional safety feature for manufacturing of spray dried porcine plasma (SDPP). In Exp. 1, three 10-L batches of bovine plasma were inoculated with 10 ^5.2±0.12 tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID ₅₀) of porcine parvovirus (PPV) per mL of plasma and subjected to UV-C ranging from 0 to 9180 J/L. No viable PPV was detected in bovine plasma by micro-titer assay in SK6 cell culture after UV-C at 2295 J/L. In Exp. 2, porcine plasma was subjected to UV-C (3672 J/L), then spray dried and mixed in complete mash diets. Diets were a control without SDPP (Control), UV-C SDPP either at 3% (UVSDPP3) or 6% (UVSDPP6) and non-UV-C SDPP at 3% (SDPP3) or 6% (SDPP6). Diets were fed ad libitum to 320 weaned pigs (26 d of age; 16 pens/diet; 4 pigs/pen) for 14 d after weaning and a common diet was fed d 15 to 28. During d 0 to 14, pigs fed UVSDPP3, UVSDPP6, or SDPP6 had higher ( P < 0.05) weight gain and feed intake than control. During d 0 to 28, pigs fed UVSDPP3 and UVSDPP6 had higher ( P < 0.05) weight gain and feed intake than control and SDPP3, and SDPP6 had higher ( P < 0.05) feed intake than control. Also, pigs fed UVSDPP had higher ( P < 0.05) weight gain than pigs fed SDPP. In conclusion, UV-C inactivated PPV in liquid plasma and UVSDPP used in pig feed had no detrimental effects on pig performance.

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Most cited references 16

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W A M Hijnen, E F Beerendonk, G J Medema (2006)

UV disinfection technology is of growing interest in the water industry since it was demonstrated that UV radiation is very effective against (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, two pathogenic micro-organisms of major importance for the safety of drinking water. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment, the new concept for microbial safety of drinking water and wastewater, requires quantitative data of the inactivation or removal of pathogenic micro-organisms by water treatment processes. The objective of this study was to review the literature on UV disinfection and extract quantitative information about the relation between the inactivation of micro-organisms and the applied UV fluence. The quality of the available studies was evaluated and only high-quality studies were incorporated in the analysis of the inactivation kinetics. The results show that UV is effective against all waterborne pathogens. The inactivation of micro-organisms by UV could be described with first-order kinetics using fluence-inactivation data from laboratory studies in collimated beam tests. No inactivation at low fluences (offset) and/or no further increase of inactivation at higher fluences (tailing) was observed for some micro-organisms. Where observed, these were included in the description of the inactivation kinetics, even though the cause of tailing is still a matter of debate. The parameters that were used to describe inactivation are the inactivation rate constant k (cm(2)/mJ), the maximum inactivation demonstrated and (only for bacterial spores and Acanthamoeba) the offset value. These parameters were the basis for the calculation of the microbial inactivation credit (MIC="log-credits") that can be assigned to a certain UV fluence. The most UV-resistant organisms are viruses, specifically Adenoviruses, and bacterial spores. The protozoon Acanthamoeba is also highly UV resistant. Bacteria and (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia are more susceptible with a fluence requirement of <20 mJ/cm(2) for an MIC of 3 log. Several studies have reported an increased UV resistance of environmental bacteria and bacterial spores, compared to lab-grown strains. This means that higher UV fluences are required to obtain the same level of inactivation. Hence, for bacteria and spores, a correction factor of 2 and 4 was included in the MIC calculation, respectively, whereas some wastewater studies suggest that a correction of a factor of 7 is needed under these conditions. For phages and viruses this phenomenon appears to be of little significance and for protozoan (oo)cysts this aspect needs further investigation. Correction of the required fluence for DNA repair is considered unnecessary under the conditions of drinking water practice (no photo-repair, dark repair insignificant, esp. at higher (60 mJ/cm(2)) fluences) and probably also wastewater practice (photo-repair limited by light absorption). To enable accurate assessment of the effective fluence in continuous flow UV systems in water treatment practice, biodosimetry is still essential, although the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) improves the description of reactor hydraulics and fluence distribution. For UV systems that are primarily dedicated to inactivate the more sensitive pathogens (Cryptosporidium, Giardia, pathogenic bacteria), additional model organisms are needed to serve as biodosimeter.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Subbiah Elankumaran: Role: Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE

Journal ID (publisher-id): plos

Journal ID (pmc): plosone

Title: PLoS ONE

Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )

ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203

Publication date (Electronic): 14 July 2015

Publication date Collection: 2015

Volume: 10

Issue: 7

Electronic Location Identifier: e0133008

Affiliations

[1 ]APC EUROPE, S.A. Avda. Sant Julià 246-258. Pol. Ind. El Congost. E-08403 Granollers, Spain

[2 ]APC Inc. 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA 50021, United States of America

[3 ]Monogastric Nutrition, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Mas de Bover, Ctra. Reus—El Morell, km 3.8, 43120 Constantí, Spain

[4 ]Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)—Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, UNITED STATES

Author notes

Competing Interests: The authors have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: JP, CR and JR are employed by APC Europe, S.A., Granollers, Spain. JDC, JMC, and LER are employed by APC Inc., Ankeny, IA, whose companies partly funded this study. Both, APC Europe, S.A. and APC Inc., manufactures and sells spray dried plasma. Joan Pujols, and David Torrallardona declare no conflict of interest. APC Inc and AP Europe, S.A. manufacture the following spray dried plasma products for swine use: AP820, AP820P, AP820B, AP920, AP920P, AP920B, Appetein (US Patent N° 6004576) and Appetein GS. However, any of these commercial products were used in this study because the spray dried plasma used in experiment 2 was produced at pilot plant level, as it is indicated in the manuscript. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Conceived and designed the experiments: J. Polo CR JR LER JMC JDC DT J. Pujols. Performed the experiments: J. Polo CR JR DT J. Pujols. Analyzed the data: J. Polo LER JMC JDC DT J. Pujols. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: J. Polo CR JR DT J. Pujols. Wrote the paper: J. Polo CR JR LER JMC JDC DT J. Pujols.

* E-mail: javier.polo@ 123456ampc-europe.com

Article

Publisher ID: PONE-D-15-13541

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133008

PMC ID: 4501813

PubMed ID: 26171968

SO-VID: b1a06a35-8ad5-48bc-855b-c1fd3dc532e7

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

History

Date received : 28 March 2015

Date accepted : 22 June 2015

Page count

Figures: 1, Tables: 5, Pages: 12

Funding

Funding for this study was provided in part by APC, Inc., Ankeny, Iowa, United States of America. This study was also partially financed by the programs CDTI (IDI-20080591 and IDI-20101014) of the Spanish Government. APC EUROPE and APC Inc., provided support in the form of salaries for authors JP, CR, JR, LER, JMC and JDC retrospectively, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.

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Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Ultraviolet Light (UV) Inactivation of Porcine Parvovirus in Liquid Plasma and Effect of UV Irradiated Spray Dried Porcine Plasma on Performance of Weaned Pigs

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