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      Social expectancy increases skin conductance response in mobile instant messaging users Translated title: La expectativa social incrementa la respuesta electrodérmica en usuarios de mensajería instantánea móvil

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          Abstract

          Abstract: Background: Society is witnessing two parallel phenomena: an increase in the number of mobile phone users worldwide and a growing concern about problematic smartphone use. Leading explanatory models suggest that social reward may explain some problematic smartphone use. Given that experimental evidence about the impact of social variables on problematic smartphone use is scarce, the impact of social expectancy on emotional arousal measured with skin conductance response (SCR) was analysed during instant messaging. Method: A sample of 86 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to two groups. Experimental group participants were instructed to send a social expectation-generating message to their more active contacts in their preferred social network. After experiencing a virtual reality distraction environment, participants' SCR was measured when they were allowed to use the smartphone and when it was withdrawn. Results: Participants in the experimental group showed a higher SCR response than the control group. Peaks analysis also showed that peak amplitude was higher in experimental participants when their smartphones were used and withdrawn. Experimental participants also showed a longer half recovery time when using the smartphone. Conclusions: Social expectancy is a critical variable in understanding problematic smartphone use and it should be considered in clinical contexts.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: Antecedentes: La sociedad está presenciando dos fenómenos paralelos: el incremento mundial de usuarios de teléfonos móviles y una preocupación creciente por el uso problemático de estos dispositivos. Los modelos teóricos explicativos sugieren que la recompensa social podría explicar parte del uso problemático del teléfono móvil. Dado que la evidencia experimental sobre el impacto que lo social tiene en este fenómeno es limitada, el impacto de la expectativa social sobre el arousal emocional fue analizada mientras se usó mensajería instantánea. Método: Una muestra de 86 estudiantes se asignó aleatoriamente a dos grupos. Los participantes del grupo experimental enviaron un mensaje generador de expectativa social a sus contactos más activos usando su red social preferida. Tras un periodo de distracción, a respuesta electrodérmica de la piel se midió al usar y retirar el móvil. Resultados: El grupo experimental mostró mayores niveles de arousal. El análisis de picos muestra una mayor amplitud en el grupo experimental cuando se usó y se retiró el móvil. Un tiempo de recuperación medio más largo se observó en el grupo experimental al usar el móvil. Conclusiones: La expectativa social es una variable crítica para conceptualizar el uso problemático del móvil y debería considerarse en contextos clínicos.

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          World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.

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            The Smartphone Addiction Scale: Development and Validation of a Short Version for Adolescents

            Objective This study was designed to investigate the revised and short version of the smartphone addiction scale and the proof of its validity in adolescents. In addition, it suggested cutting off the values by gender in order to determine smartphone addiction and elaborate the characteristics of smartphone usage in adolescents. Method A set of questionnaires were provided to a total of 540 selected participants from April to May of 2013. The participants consisted of 343 boys and 197 girls, and their average age was 14.5 years old. The content validity was performed on a selection of shortened items, while an internal-consistency test was conducted for the verification of its reliability. The concurrent validity was confirmed using SAS, SAPS and KS-scale. Receiver operating characteristics analysis was conducted to suggest cut-off. Results The 10 final questions were selected using content validity. The internal consistency and concurrent validity of SAS were verified with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.911. The SAS-SV was significantly correlated with the SAS, SAPS and KS-scale. The SAS-SV scores of gender (p<.001) and self-evaluation of smartphone addiction (p<.001) showed significant difference. The ROC analysis results showed an area under a curve (AUC) value of 0.963(0.888–1.000), a cut-off value of 31, sensitivity value of 0.867 and specificity value of 0.893 in boys while an AUC value of 0.947(0.887–1.000), a cut-off value of 33, sensitivity value of 0.875, and a specificity value of 0.886 in girls. Conclusions The SAS-SV showed good reliability and validity for the assessment of smartphone addiction. The smartphone addiction scale short version, which was developed and validated in this study, could be used efficiently for the evaluation of smartphone addiction in community and research areas.
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              Is smartphone addiction really an addiction?

              In light of the rise in research on technological addictions and smartphone addiction in particular, the aim of this paper was to review the relevant literature on the topic of smartphone addiction and determine whether this disorder exists or if it does not adequately satisfy the criteria for addiction. We reviewed quantitative and qualitative studies on smartphone addiction and analyzed their methods and conclusions to make a determination on the suitability of the diagnosis “addiction” to excessive and problematic smartphone use. Although the majority of research in the field declares that smartphones are addictive or takes the existence of smartphone addiction as granted, we did not find sufficient support from the addiction perspective to confirm the existence of smartphone addiction at this time. The behaviors observed in the research could be better labeled as problematic or maladaptive smartphone use and their consequences do not meet the severity levels of those caused by addiction. Addiction is a disorder with severe effects on physical and psychological health. A behavior may have a similar presentation as addiction in terms of excessive use, impulse control problems, and negative consequences, but that does not mean that it should be considered an addiction. We propose moving away from the addiction framework when studying technological behaviors and using other terms such as “problematic use” to describe them. We recommend that problematic technology use is to be studied in its sociocultural context with an increased focus on its compensatory functions, motivations, and gratifications.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                psicothema
                Psicothema
                Psicothema
                Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos del Principado de Asturias (Oviedo, Asturias, Spain )
                0214-9915
                1886-144X
                December 2023
                : 35
                : 4
                : 414-422
                Affiliations
                [4] Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Granada Spain
                [3] Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Almería Spain
                [1] Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Granada Spain
                [2] Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Almería Spain
                Article
                S1886-144X2023000400009 S1886-144X(23)03500400009
                10.7334/psicothema2022.362
                b1bf1f56-62e7-4621-b587-a9c4f5ee06ad

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 December 2022
                : 30 August 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 55, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Articles

                Social reward,Desregulación emocional,Uso problemático del móvil,Psicofisiología,Adicción conductual,Recompensa social,Emotional dysregulation,Problematice smartphone use,Psychophysiology,Behavioural addiction

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