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      Biomedical Applications of Graphene

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          Abstract

          Graphene exhibits unique 2-D structure and exceptional phyiscal and chemical properties that lead to many potential applications. Among various applications, biomedical applications of graphene have attracted ever-increasing interests over the last three years. In this review, we present an overview of current advances in applications of graphene in biomedicine with focus on drug delivery, cancer therapy and biological imaging, together with a brief discussion on the challenges and perspectives for future research in this field.

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          Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

          S. Morozov, K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim … (2007)
          We report a naturally-occurring two-dimensional material (graphene that can be viewed as a gigantic flat fullerene molecule, describe its electronic properties and demonstrate all-metallic field-effect transistor, which uniquely exhibits ballistic transport at submicron distances even at room temperature.
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            Graphene: the new two-dimensional nanomaterial.

            C N R Rao, A. K. Sood, K. S. Subrahmanyam … (2009)
            Every few years, a new material with unique properties emerges and fascinates the scientific community, typical recent examples being high-temperature superconductors and carbon nanotubes. Graphene is the latest sensation with unusual properties, such as half-integer quantum Hall effect and ballistic electron transport. This two-dimensional material which is the parent of all graphitic carbon forms is strictly expected to comprise a single layer, but there is considerable interest in investigating two-layer and few-layer graphenes as well. Synthesis and characterization of graphenes pose challenges, but there has been considerable progress in the last year or so. Herein, we present the status of graphene research which includes aspects related to synthesis, characterization, structure, and properties.
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              PEGylated nanographene oxide for delivery of water-insoluble cancer drugs.

              Zhuang Liu, Joshua T Robinson, Xiaoming Sun … (2008)
              It is known that many potent, often aromatic drugs are water insoluble, which has hampered their use for disease treatment. In this work, we functionalized nanographene oxide (NGO), a novel graphitic material, with branched polyethylene glycol (PEG) to obtain a biocompatible NGO-PEG conjugate stable in various biological solutions, and used them for attaching hydrophobic aromatic molecules including a camptothecin (CPT) analogue, SN38, noncovalently via pi-pi stacking. The resulting NGO-PEG-SN38 complex exhibited excellent water solubility while maintaining its high cancer cell killing potency similar to that of the free SN38 molecules in organic solvents. The efficacy of NGO-PEG-SN38 was far higher than that of irinotecan (CPT-11), a FDA-approved water soluble SN38 prodrug used for the treatment of colon cancer. Our results showed that graphene is a novel class of material promising for biological applications including future in vivo cancer treatment with various aromatic, low-solubility drugs.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Theranostics
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Theranostics
                Journal ID (publisher-id): thno
                Title: Theranostics
                Publisher: Ivyspring International Publisher (Sydney )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1838-7640
                Publication date Collection: 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 5 March 2012
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 283-294
                Affiliations
                1. Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, China;
                2. Hunan Key Laboratory of Green Packaging and Application of Biological Nanotechnology, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412008, China.
                Author notes
                ✉ Corresponding author: Professor Zhijun Zhang, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, China. Tel: 86-512-62872556; Fax: 86-512-62603079; E-mail: zjzhang2007@ 123456sinano.ac.cn

                Conflict of Interest: The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.

                Article
                Publisher ID: thnov02p0283
                DOI: 10.7150/thno.3642
                PMC ID: 3311234
                PubMed ID: 22448195
                SO-VID: b1f17604-dc0f-42e5-b069-0ec8eb5850cd
                Copyright © © Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited.
                History
                Date received : 15 October 2011
                Date accepted : 16 November 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: graphene,biomedical application,drug delivery,biosensing,bioimaging.
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: graphene, biomedical application, drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging.

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