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      The Changing Epidemiology of Candidemia in the United States: Injection Drug Use as an Increasingly Common Risk Factor – Active Surveillance in Selected Sites, United States, 2014–17

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          Abstract

          Background

          Injection drug use (IDU) is a known, but infrequent risk factor on candidemia, however, the opioid epidemic and increases in IDU may be changing the epidemiology of candidemia.

          Methods

          Active population-based surveillance for candidemia was conducted in selected US counties. Cases of candidemia were categorized as IDU cases if IDU was indicated in the medical records in the 12 months prior to the date of initial culture.

          Results

          During 2017, 1191 candidemia cases were identified in patients over the age of 12 years (incidence: 6.9 per 100,000 population); 128 (10.7%) had IDU history and this proportion was especially high (34.6%) in patients with candidemia aged 19-44 years. Candidemia patients with IDU history were younger than those without (median age: 35 vs 63 years, p<0.001). Candidemia cases involving recent IDU were less likely to have typical risk factors including malignancy (7.0% vs 29.4%, Relative Risk (RR): 0.2; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.1–0.5), abdominal surgery (3.9% vs 17.5%, RR: 0.2, CI: 0.09–0.5), and total parenteral nutrition (3.9% vs 22.5%, RR: 0.2, CI: 0.07–0.4). Candidemia cases with IDU occurred more commonly in smokers (68.8% vs 18.5%, RR: 3.7, CI: 3.1–4.4), those with hepatitis C (54.7% vs 6.4%, RR: 8.5, CI: 6.5–11.3), and in people who were homeless (13.3% vs 0.8%, RR: 15.7; CI: 7.1–34.5).

          Conclusion

          Clinicians should consider screening for candidemia in people who inject drugs and IDU in patients with candidemia who lack typical candidemia risk factors, especially in those with who are 19-44 years, and have community-associated candidemia.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Clinical Infectious Diseases
          Oxford University Press (OUP)
          1058-4838
          1537-6591
          November 02 2019
          November 02 2019
          Affiliations
          [1 ]Oregon Public Health Division, Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon
          [2 ]New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, New Mexico
          [3 ]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mycotic Disease Branch, Atlanta, GA
          [4 ]California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, CA
          [5 ]Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO
          [6 ]Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN
          [7 ]Maryland EIP, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
          [8 ]Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
          [9 ]University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY
          [10 ]Emory University School of Medicine and the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA
          [11 ]New Mexico Emerging Infections Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
          [12 ]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of State and Local Readiness, Atlanta, GA
          Article
          10.1093/cid/ciz1061
          31676903
          b218e2fb-0211-4cc3-8e80-818eb3e27597
          © 2019
          History

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