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      Percepción parental de los factores relacionados con la obesidad y el sobrepeso en hijos/as adolescentes: un estudio cualitativo Translated title: Parental perception of factors related to obesity and overweight in adolescents: a qualitative study

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: La obesidad y el sobrepeso infantil y juvenil se asocia con complicaciones graves de salud a nivel físico, psicológico y social. El objetivo del presente estudio fue explorar en profundidad la percepción que tienen padres y madres sobre los factores asociados con la obesidad y el sobrepeso de sus hijos adolescentes. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo de carácter fenomenológico descriptivo utilizando grupos focales. Participaron 25 padres y madres de adolescentes diagnosticados con Obesidad o Sobrepeso que se encontraban en seguimiento en el Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Clínico San Cecilio (España). El análisis de los datos se llevó a cabo con el software Atlas.ti 6.2 a través de un análisis temático. Resultados: La falta de límite con la comida es percibida como una fuente de conflictos y de ansiedad. Los hábitos vitales no saludables más comunes son el sedentarismo, la falta de tiempo para cocinar y no desayunar. Las percepciones de los progenitores sobre los efectos negativos de la obesidad se relacionan con acontecimientos de carácter traumático, los efectos sobre la imagen corporal, el aislamiento y la discriminación y la aparición de otras enfermedades asociadas al exceso de peso. Se observan factores moduladores del comportamiento alimentario como el fomento de hábitos saludables en el entorno escolar, la toma de conciencia del problema, la planificación de las comidas, hablar sobre el tema y la búsqueda de soluciones. Conclusiones: En el abordaje de la malnutrición por exceso, los progenitores encuentran obstáculos que dificultan el cambio y la mejora en esta población. Así, es necesario abordar la obesidad y el sobrepeso como un problema multifactorial.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Childhood and adolescent obesity and overweight is associated with serious physical, psychological and social health complications. The aim of the present study was to explore in depth parents' perceptions of factors associated with obesity and overweight in their adolescent children. Methodology: A descriptive phenomenological qualitative study was carried out through focus groups. Twenty-five mothers and fathers whose children were diagnosed with obesity or overweight who were under follow-up in the Paediatric Department of the Hospital Clínico San Cecilio (Spain) participated. Data analysis was performed with Atlas.ti 6.2 software through thematic analysis. Results: Lack of limit with food was perceived as a source of conflict and anxiety. The most common unhealthy lifestyle habits were sedentary, lack of time for cooking and skiping breakfast. Parents' perceptions of the negative effects of obesity are related to traumatic events, effects on body image, isolation and discrimination and the occurrence of other diseases associated with excess weight. Modulating factors of eating behavior were observed such as the promotion of healthy habits in the school environment, awareness of the problem, meal planning, talking about the issue and the search for solutions. Conclusions: Parents encounter obstacles that hinder change and improvement in this population. Thus, it is necessary to address obesity and overweight as a multifactorial problem.

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          Childhood obesity: causes and consequences

          Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels in developed as well as in developing countries. Overweight and obesity in childhood are known to have significant impact on both physical and psychological health. Overweight and obese children are likely to stay obese into adulthood and more likely to develop non-communicable diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases at a younger age. The mechanism of obesity development is not fully understood and it is believed to be a disorder with multiple causes. Environmental factors, lifestyle preferences, and cultural environment play pivotal roles in the rising prevalence of obesity worldwide. In general, overweight and obesity are assumed to be the results of an increase in caloric and fat intake. On the other hand, there are supporting evidence that excessive sugar intake by soft drink, increased portion size, and steady decline in physical activity have been playing major roles in the rising rates of obesity all around the world. Childhood obesity can profoundly affect children's physical health, social, and emotional well-being, and self esteem. It is also associated with poor academic performance and a lower quality of life experienced by the child. Many co-morbid conditions like metabolic, cardiovascular, orthopedic, neurological, hepatic, pulmonary, and renal disorders are also seen in association with childhood obesity.
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            Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010.

            Between 1980 and 1999, the prevalence of adult obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥30) increased in the United States and the distribution of BMI changed. More recent data suggested a slowing or leveling off of these trends. To estimate the prevalence of adult obesity from the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and compare adult obesity and the distribution of BMI with data from 1999-2008. NHANES includes measured heights and weights for 5926 adult men and women from a nationally representative sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized US population in 2009-2010 and for 22,847 men and women in 1999-2008. The prevalence of obesity and mean BMI. In 2009-2010 the age-adjusted mean BMI was 28.7 (95% CI, 28.3-29.1) for men and also 28.7 (95% CI, 28.4-29.0) for women. Median BMI was 27.8 (interquartile range [IQR], 24.7-31.7) for men and 27.3 (IQR, 23.3-32.7) for women. The age-adjusted prevalence of obesity was 35.5% (95% CI, 31.9%-39.2%) among adult men and 35.8% (95% CI, 34.0%-37.7%) among adult women. Over the 12-year period from 1999 through 2010, obesity showed no significant increase among women overall (age- and race-adjusted annual change in odds ratio [AOR], 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.03; P = .07), but increases were statistically significant for non-Hispanic black women (P = .04) and Mexican American women (P = .046). For men, there was a significant linear trend (AOR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.06; P < .001) over the 12-year period. For both men and women, the most recent 2 years (2009-2010) did not differ significantly (P = .08 for men and P = .24 for women) from the previous 6 years (2003-2008). Trends in BMI were similar to obesity trends. In 2009-2010, the prevalence of obesity was 35.5% among adult men and 35.8% among adult women, with no significant change compared with 2003-2008.
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              Causes of Emotional Eating and Matched Treatment of Obesity

              Purpose of the Review Eating in response to negative emotions (EE) may be an explanatory factor of the weight regain of many dieters. This narrative review presents evidence on possible causes of EE and the association of EE with depression and obesity and discusses implications of these findings for the treatment of obesity. Recent Findings Possible causes of EE are high dietary restraint, poor interoceptive awareness, alexithymia, emotion dysregulation and a reversed hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) stress axis. EE may be the outcome of inadequate parenting or depressive feelings in interaction with genetic susceptibility. There is also robust evidence that EE is a mediator between depression and obesity. Summary The association of EE with depression and poor emotion regulation skills suggests that the treatment of obese people with high EE should not focus on calorie-restricted diets but on emotion regulation skills. The DEBQ (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire) enables such a matched treatment of obesity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                renhyd
                Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética
                Rev Esp Nutr Hum Diet
                Academia Española de Nutrición y Dietética (Pamplona, Navarra, Spain )
                2173-1292
                2174-5145
                September 2022
                : 26
                : 3
                : 178-188
                Affiliations
                [2] Alicante Valencia orgnameUniversidad de Alicante orgdiv1Departamento de Psicología de la Salud Spain
                [4] Granada orgnameInstituto de Investigación Biosanitaria España
                [1] Granada orgnameHospital Clínico San Cecilio PTS orgdiv1Servicio de Pediatría orgdiv2Consulta de Neuropsicología clínica, Unidad de Neurología, Neuropsicología, Neurodesarrollo y Psicología clínica España
                [3] Granada orgnameHospital Clínico San Cecilio PTS orgdiv1Servicio de Pediatría orgdiv2Consulta de Endocrinología España
                Article
                S2174-51452022000300003 S2174-5145(22)02600300003
                10.14306/renhyd.26.3.1658
                b22865e9-02e4-424e-b950-7eb2ad4f9c0e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 April 2022
                : 01 June 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Investigaciones

                Qualitative Research,Obesidad infantil,Sobrepeso,Adolescencia,Familia,Estudio cualitativo,Hábitos saludables,Pediatric Obesity,Overweight,Adolescence,Healthy habits

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