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      Insuficiencia renal aguda por depósito de cristales de Sulfadiacina Translated title: Acute renal failure due to sulfadiazine crystalluria

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          Abstract

          La encefalitis necrotizante focal por Toxoplasma Gondii es una de las infecciones oportunistas más frecuente en pacientes con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida. (SIDA). El tratamiento de elección consiste en la combinación de Pirimetamida y Sulfadiacina. Uno de los principales efectos adversos de la Sulfadiazina es su precipitación en el sistema urinario. Presentamos a una paciente con SIDA y encefalitis por Toxoplasma Gondii que desarrolla insuficiencia renal aguda reversible por depósito de cristales de sulfadiacina a nivel renal. La ecografía mostró múltiples calcificaciones en el seno renal, que desaparecieron tras hidratación y administración de bicarbonato sódico endovenoso. Estos pacientes y otros inmunodeprimidos, presentan factores favorecedores de la precipitación de éste y otros fármacos, siendo necesario una adecuada monitorización de la función renal y del sedimento urinario, junto con medidas profilácticas como el aumento de la ingesta de líquidos y la alcalinización urinaria.

          Translated abstract

          Focal necrotizing encephalitis due to Toxoplasma gondii infection represents one of the most common oportunistic infection in patients with the acquired inmunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and the treatment is commonly with a combination sulphadiazine, and pyrimethamine. A major side effect of sulfadiazine therapy is the occurrence of cristallization in the urinary collecting system. We report a patient with AIDS and Toxoplasmic encephalitis treated with sulfadiazine who developed acute renal failure. Renal ultrasound demonstrated echogenic areas within the renal parenchyma, presumed to be sulfa crystals. Renal failure and ultrasound findings resolved rapidly with hidratation and administration of alkali. Patients infected with AIDS frequently have characteristic that increase intratubular crystal precipitation and they require treatment with one or more of the drugs that are associated with crystal-induced renal failure. Controlled alkalinization of the urine and high fluid intake are recommended for prophylaxis of crystalluria. The literature concerning crystalluria and renal failure due to sulfadiazine is reviewed.

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          Sulfadiazine crystalluria revisited. The treatment of Toxoplasma encephalitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

          Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis is an important opportunistic infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, estimated to occur in 20,000 to 40,000 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States by 1991. The combination of sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine is regarded as the treatment of choice. Acute renal failure due to crystal deposition in the urinary tract was well described 30 to 40 years ago and is likely to resurface as a clinical entity if appropriate prophylactic measures are not taken. We describe two cases of sulfadiazine-induced crystalluria and renal failure in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, review the pertinent literature, and discuss the pathogenesis. Recommendations are made for the prophylaxis and treatment of sulfadiazine-related renal toxic reaction. Physicians using this "new" drug must be aware of the potential danger of sulfonamide-induced injury to the urinary tract.
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            Sulfadiazine-associated obstructive nephropathy occurring in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

            A 45-year-old man with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and CNS toxoplasmosis presented with acute renal failure, hematuria, and renal colic shortly after starting treatment with sulfadiazine. Ultrasound examination of his kidneys was suggestive of intraparenchymal crystallization of sulfadiazine. His renal failure and ultrasound findings rapidly resolved with alkaline hydration. On rechallenge with sulfadiazine, he again developed renal insufficiency and ultrasonic findings consistent with stones. The use of sulfadiazine in the treatment of CNS toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients should be monitored carefully with the recognition that this form of crystalline-induced acute renal failure can occur in a dehydrated patient.
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              Patterns of sulfadiazine acute nephrotoxicity.

              Sulfadiazine acute nephrotoxicity is reviving specially because of its use in toxoplasmosis in HIV-positive patients. We report 4 cases, one of them in a previously healthy person. Under treatment with sulfadiazine they developed oliguria, abdominal pain, renal failure and showed multiple radiolucent renal calculi in echography. All patients recovered their previous normal renal function after adequate hydration and alcalinization. A nephrostomy tube had to be placed in one of the patients for ureteral lithiasis in a single functional kidney. None of them needed dialysis or a renal biopsy because of a typical benign course. Treatment with sulfadiazine requires exquisite control of renal function, an increase in water ingestion and possibly the alcalinization of the urine. We communicate a case in a previously healthy person, a fact not found in the recent literature. Probably many more cases are not detected. We think that a prospective study would be useful.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ami
                Anales de Medicina Interna
                An. Med. Interna (Madrid)
                Arán Ediciones, S. L. (Madrid )
                0212-7199
                May 2007
                : 24
                : 5
                : 235-238
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital Universitario Son Dureta Spain
                [2 ] Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena Spain
                Article
                S0212-71992007000500007
                10.4321/s0212-71992007000500007
                b23e03b2-6970-4666-9941-05c4ed9b81e2

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL

                Internal medicine
                Sulphadiazine,Crystalluria,Renal failure,Sulfadiacina,Cristaluria,Insuficiencia renal aguda

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