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      An Updated Review of Tyrosinase Inhibitors

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          Abstract

          Tyrosinase is a multifunctional, glycosylated, and copper-containing oxidase, which catalyzes the first two steps in mammalian melanogenesis and is responsible for enzymatic browning reactions in damaged fruits during post-harvest handling and processing. Neither hyperpigmentation in human skin nor enzymatic browning in fruits are desirable. These phenomena have encouraged researchers to seek new potent tyrosinase inhibitors for use in foods and cosmetics. This article surveys tyrosinase inhibitors newly discovered from natural and synthetic sources. The inhibitory strength is compared with that of a standard inhibitor, kojic acid, and their inhibitory mechanisms are discussed.

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          Tyrosinase inhibitors from natural and synthetic sources: structure, inhibition mechanism and perspective for the future.

          Y-J Kim, H Uyama (2005)
          Tyrosinase is known to be a key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis, involved in determining the color of mammalian skin and hair. Various dermatological disorders, such as melasma, age spots and sites of actinic damage, arise from the accumulation of an excessive level of epidermal pigmentation. In addition, unfavorable enzymatic browning of plant-derived foods by tyrosinase causes a decrease in nutritional quality and economic loss of food products. The inadequacy of current conventional techniques to prevent tyrosinase action encourages us to seek new potent tyrosinase inhibitors. This article overviews the various inhibitors obtained from natural and synthetic sources with their industrial importance.
          Article 0 comments Cited 197 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Advances in flavonoid research since 1992.

            J. Harborne, C. Williams (2000)
            Some of the recent advances in flavonoid research are reviewed. The role of anthocyanins and flavones in providing stable blue flower colours in the angiosperms is outlined. The contribution of leaf flavonoids to UV-B protection in plants is critically discussed. Advances in understanding the part played by flavonoids in warding off microbial infection and protecting plants from herbivory are described. The biological properties of flavonoids are considered in an evaluation of the medicinal and nutritional values of these compounds.
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              Hypopigmenting agents: an updated review on biological, chemical and clinical aspects.

              Stefania Briganti, Mauro Picardo, Mauro Picardo … (2006)
              An overview of agents causing hypopigmentation in human skin is presented. The review is organized to put forward groups of biological and chemical agents. Their mechanisms of action cover (i) tyrosinase inhibition, maturation and enhancement of its degradation; (ii) Mitf inhibition; (iii) downregulation of MC1R activity; (iv) interference with melanosome maturation and transfer; (v) melanocyte loss, desquamation and chemical peeling. Tyrosinase inhibition is the most common approach to achieve skin hypopigmentation as this enzyme catalyses the rate-limiting step of pigmentation. Despite the large number of tyrosinase inhibitors in vitro, only a few are able to induce effects in clinical trials. The gap between in-vitro and in-vivo studies suggests that innovative strategies are needed for validating their efficacy and safety. Successful treatments need the combination of two or more agents acting on different mechanisms to achieve a synergistic effect. In addition to tyrosinase inhibition, other parameters related to cytotoxicity, solubility, cutaneous absorption, penetration and stability of the agents should be considered. The screening test system is also very important as keratinocytes play an active role in modulating melanogenesis within melanocytes. Mammalian skin or at least keratinocytes/melanocytes co-cultures should be preferred rather than pure melanocyte cultures or soluble tyrosinase.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date Collection: June 2009
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 May 2009
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 2440-2475
                Affiliations
                Department of Biological Science and Technology, National University of Tainan, 33 sec. 2 Shu-Lin St., Tainan, Taiwan; E-Mail: mozyme2001@ 123456yahoo.com.tw ; Tel. +886 6 2606283; Fax: +886 6 2909502
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-10-02440
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms10062440
                PMC ID: 2705500
                PubMed ID: 19582213
                SO-VID: b247ded2-d410-4cbd-b146-b62335f87124
                Copyright © © 2009 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 21 April 2009
                Date revision received : 8 May 2009
                Date accepted : 21 May 2009
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: tyrosinase,melanogenesis,browning,inhibitors
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: tyrosinase, melanogenesis, browning, inhibitors

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