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      Toxicity and cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles: what we have learned so far?

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          Abstract

          Gold nanoparticles have attracted enormous scientific and technological interest due to their ease of synthesis, chemical stability, and unique optical properties. Proof-of-concept studies demonstrate their biomedical applications in chemical sensing, biological imaging, drug delivery, and cancer treatment. Knowledge about their potential toxicity and health impact is essential before these nanomaterials can be used in real clinical settings. Furthermore, the underlying interactions of these nanomaterials with physiological fluids is a key feature of understanding their biological impact, and these interactions can perhaps be exploited to mitigate unwanted toxic effects. In this Perspective we discuss recent results that address the toxicity of gold nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo, and we provide some experimental recommendations for future research at the interface of nanotechnology and biological systems.

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          Semiconductor Clusters, Nanocrystals, and Quantum Dots

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            Biosensing with plasmonic nanosensors.

            Recent developments have greatly improved the sensitivity of optical sensors based on metal nanoparticle arrays and single nanoparticles. We introduce the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensor and describe how its exquisite sensitivity to size, shape and environment can be harnessed to detect molecular binding events and changes in molecular conformation. We then describe recent progress in three areas representing the most significant challenges: pushing sensitivity towards the single-molecule detection limit, combining LSPR with complementary molecular identification techniques such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and practical development of sensors and instrumentation for routine use and high-throughput detection. This review highlights several exceptionally promising research directions and discusses how diverse applications of plasmonic nanoparticles can be integrated in the near future.
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              Regulated portals of entry into the cell.

              The plasma membrane is the interface between cells and their harsh environment. Uptake of nutrients and all communication among cells and between cells and their environment occurs through this interface. 'Endocytosis' encompasses several diverse mechanisms by which cells internalize macromolecules and particles into transport vesicles derived from the plasma membrane. It controls entry into the cell and has a crucial role in development, the immune response, neurotransmission, intercellular communication, signal transduction, and cellular and organismal homeostasis. As the complexity of molecular interactions governing endocytosis are revealed, it has become increasingly clear that it is tightly coordinated and coupled with overall cell physiology and thus, must be viewed in a broader context than simple vesicular trafficking.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                alkilan1@illinois.edu
                +217-333-7680 , +217-244-3186 , murphycj@illinois.edu
                Journal
                J Nanopart Res
                Journal of Nanoparticle Research
                Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                1388-0764
                1572-896X
                6 April 2010
                6 April 2010
                September 2010
                : 12
                : 7
                : 2313-2333
                Affiliations
                Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
                Article
                9911
                10.1007/s11051-010-9911-8
                2988217
                21170131
                b2684b87-eb9a-41bd-87d0-4bbc55c115ec
                © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010
                History
                : 6 November 2009
                : 20 March 2010
                Categories
                Perspectives
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                © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010

                Nanotechnology
                exposure,cellular uptake,nanoparticle toxicity,pharmacokinetics,gold nanoparticles,environment,nanotechnology safety

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