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      Multiscale environmental determinants of Leishmania vectors in the urban-rural context

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          Abstract

          Background

          In South America, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are emerging diseases, expanding in the border area of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Outbreaks of CL were reported since the 1990s, with Nyssomyia whitmani as the main vector in this region. Regarding VL, urban reports started in 2010 with Lutzomyia longipalpis as the main vector. The aim of this study was to evaluate environmental determinants related to the main vectors of leishmaniasis, to contribute to the prevention and control response to the emergence of VL and CL in the Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay border region.

          Methods

          The cross-sectional survey includes two cities and two close rural areas in the Argentinean Northeast Region, between November 2014 and January 2015, with a total of 95 sampling sites. REDILA-BL traps were set for three consecutive nights, and a total of 68 meso- and microscale environmental and landscape characteristics were surveyed. The association between vector abundance with different variables was evaluated using a generalized linear model with zero-inflated negative binomial distribution. We analyzed females for detection of Leishmania DNA.

          Results

          The analysis for Lu. longipalpis indicates an excess of absences when the mean NDWI around the sites were higher. The abundance of Lu. longipalpis at mesoscale level was higher when more urban services were present, and when blood sources such as chickens or dogs at the microscale level were present. For Ny. whitmani, no variable was found to be associated with the absences, while its abundance increased in association with the following variables: percentage of tree cover, presence of garbage collection service, hosted people and, at microscale, the presence of poultry. Leshmania infantum DNA was detected in 2/49 (4%) Lu. longipalpis.

          Conclusions

          The abundance of both species is influenced by variables at different scales, their influence probably has a hierarchy and they are acting on different aspects of the biology of these vectors. The urban spatial segregation of Lu. longipalpis and the peri-urban and rural segregation of N. whitmani increase the risk of VL and CL. The selection of the better variables for each scale will allow the design of appropriate control strategies depending on species.

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          Most cited references70

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          Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness

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            NDWI—A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space

            Bo-Cai Gao (1996)
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              Interpreting the replacement and richness difference components of beta diversity

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                gabrieladelaquintana@gmail.com
                mariasoledadsantini@gmail.com
                rcavia@gmail.com
                marielafmartinez@gmail.com
                javierliotta@yahoo.com.ar
                sfernandez79@gmail.com
                adrianaperez000@gmail.com
                josemdireni@gmail.com
                sofialorian@gmail.com
                giulianimagali@gmail.com
                odanielsalomon@gmail.com
                Journal
                Parasit Vectors
                Parasites & Vectors
                BioMed Central (London )
                1756-3305
                2 October 2020
                2 October 2020
                2020
                : 13
                : 502
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.502000.7, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), , Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, ; Puerto Iguazú, Misiones Argentina
                [2 ]GRID grid.108162.c, ISNI 0000000121496664, Instituto Superior de Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, , Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, ; San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
                [3 ]GRID grid.423606.5, ISNI 0000 0001 1945 2152, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), ; Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [4 ]Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [5 ]GRID grid.452551.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2152 8611, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-epidemias Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud, , Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, ; Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [6 ]GRID grid.423606.5, ISNI 0000 0001 1945 2152, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), , Universidad de Buenos Aires e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, CONICET, ; Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [7 ]GRID grid.412223.4, ISNI 0000 0001 2179 8144, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, , Universidad Nacional de Misiones, ; Posadas, Misiones Argentina
                [8 ]GRID grid.7345.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0056 1981, Grupo de Bioestadística Aplicada, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEN, , Universidad de Buenos Aires, ; Buenos Aires, Argentina
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0972-477X
                Article
                4379
                10.1186/s13071-020-04379-6
                7532651
                33008441
                b29e99ff-3cc3-4ad4-a4c2-045e23b350d4
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 4 March 2020
                : 24 September 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000193, International Development Research Centre;
                Award ID: 107577-001
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Parasitology
                lutzomyia longipalpis,nyssomyia whitmani,border area,argentina
                Parasitology
                lutzomyia longipalpis, nyssomyia whitmani, border area, argentina

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