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      Quercetin Inhibits Cell Survival and Metastatic Ability via the EMT-Mediated Pathway in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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          Abstract

          This study aimed to investigate whether quercetin exerts anticancer effects on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines and to elucidate its mechanism of action. These anticancer effects in OSCC cells were assessed using an MTT assay, flow cytometry (to assess the cell cycle), wound-healing assay, invasion assay, Western blot analysis, gelatin zymography, and immunofluorescence. To investigate whether quercetin also inhibits transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human keratinocyte cells, HaCaT cells were treated with TGF-β1. Overall, our results strongly suggest that quercetin suppressed the viability of OSCC cells by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. However, quercetin did not affect cell viability of human keratinocytes such as HaCaT (immortal keratinocyte) and nHOK (primary normal human oral keratinocyte) cells. Additionally, quercetin suppresses cell migration through EMT and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) in OSCC cells and decreases TGF-β1-induced EMT in HaCaT cells. In conclusion, this study is the first, to our knowledge, to demonstrate that quercetin can inhibit the survival and metastatic ability of OSCC cells via the EMT-mediated pathway, specifically Slug. Quercetin may thus provide a novel pharmacological approach for the treatment of OSCCs.

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          Most cited references36

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          Tumor metastasis: molecular insights and evolving paradigms.

          Metastases represent the end products of a multistep cell-biological process termed the invasion-metastasis cascade, which involves dissemination of cancer cells to anatomically distant organ sites and their subsequent adaptation to foreign tissue microenvironments. Each of these events is driven by the acquisition of genetic and/or epigenetic alterations within tumor cells and the co-option of nonneoplastic stromal cells, which together endow incipient metastatic cells with traits needed to generate macroscopic metastases. Recent advances provide provocative insights into these cell-biological and molecular changes, which have implications regarding the steps of the invasion-metastasis cascade that appear amenable to therapeutic targeting. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals.

            Chemoprevention refers to the use of agents to inhibit, reverse or retard tumorigenesis. Numerous phytochemicals derived from edible plants have been reported to interfere with a specific stage of the carcinogenic process. Many mechanisms have been shown to account for the anticarcinogenic actions of dietary constituents, but attention has recently been focused on intracellular-signalling cascades as common molecular targets for various chemopreventive phytochemicals.
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              Roles of matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression and their pharmacological targeting.

              Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) consist of a multigene family of zinc-dependent extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling endopeptidases implicated in pathological processes, such as carcinogenesis. In this regard, their activity plays a pivotal role in tumor growth and the multistep processes of invasion and metastasis, including proteolytic degradation of ECM, alteration of the cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions, migration and angiogenesis. The underlying premise of the current minireview is that MMPs are able to proteolytically process substrates in the extracellular milieu and, in so doing, promote tumor progression. However, certain members of the MMP family exert contradicting roles at different stages during cancer progression, depending among other factors on the tumor stage, tumor site, enzyme localization and substrate profile. MMPs are therefore amenable to therapeutic intervention by synthetic and natural inhibitors, providing perspectives for future studies. Multiple therapeutic agents, called matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPIs) have been developed to target MMPs, attempting to control their enzymatic activity. Even though clinical trials with these compounds do not show the expected results in most cases, the field of MMPIs is ongoing. This minireview critically evaluates the role of MMPs in relation to cancer progression, and highlights the challenges, as well as future prospects, for the design, development and efficacy of MMPIs. © 2010 The Authors Journal compilation © 2010 FEBS.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                10 February 2020
                February 2020
                : 25
                : 3
                : 757
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Oral Pathology, and BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; ksr9307@ 123456pusan.ac.kr (S.R.K.); eunyeong26@ 123456pusan.ac.kr (E.Y.L.); ttakjjung@ 123456gmail.com (D.J.K.)
                [2 ]Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: kimhj2850@ 123456naver.com (H.J.K.); parkhr@ 123456pusan.ac.kr (H.R.P.); Tel.: +82-51-510-8247 (H.J.K.); +82-51-510-8250 (H.R.P.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3767-9665
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1908-0824
                Article
                molecules-25-00757
                10.3390/molecules25030757
                7037689
                32050534
                b2cf3d42-09b4-450e-b15c-bda2810840ff
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 31 December 2019
                : 09 February 2020
                Categories
                Article

                quercetin,oral squamous cell carcinoma cells,metastasis,cell cycle arrest,epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition,matrix metalloproteinase,transforming growth factor-β1

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