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      Association between Rare Variants in AP4E1, a Component of Intracellular Trafficking, and Persistent Stuttering.

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          Abstract

          Stuttering is a common, highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in the volitional control of speech. Whole-exome sequencing identified two heterozygous AP4E1 coding variants, c.1549G>A (p.Val517Ile) and c.2401G>A (p.Glu801Lys), that co-segregate with persistent developmental stuttering in a large Cameroonian family, and we observed the same two variants in unrelated Cameroonians with persistent stuttering. We found 23 other rare variants, including predicted loss-of-function variants, in AP4E1 in unrelated stuttering individuals in Cameroon, Pakistan, and North America. The rate of rare variants in AP4E1 was significantly higher in unrelated Pakistani and Cameroonian stuttering individuals than in population-matched control individuals, and coding variants in this gene are exceptionally rare in the general sub-Saharan West African, South Asian, and North American populations. Clinical examination of the Cameroonian family members failed to identify any symptoms previously reported in rare individuals carrying homozygous loss-of-function mutations in this gene. AP4E1 encodes the ε subunit of the heterotetrameric (ε-β4-μ4-σ4) AP-4 complex, involved in protein sorting at the trans-Golgi network. We found that the μ4 subunit of AP-4 interacts with NAGPA, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of the mannose 6-phosphate signal that targets acid hydrolases to the lysosome and the product of a gene previously associated with stuttering. These findings implicate deficits in intracellular trafficking in persistent stuttering.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Am. J. Hum. Genet.
          American journal of human genetics
          Elsevier BV
          1537-6605
          0002-9297
          Nov 05 2015
          : 97
          : 5
          Affiliations
          [1 ] National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
          [2 ] Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
          [3 ] Clinical Center Speech Language Pathology Service, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
          [4 ] Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
          [5 ] Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan.
          [6 ] Alama Iqbal Medical Research Center, Lahore 54550, Pakistan.
          [7 ] National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Electronic address: drayna@nidcd.nih.gov.
          Article
          S0002-9297(15)00409-7
          10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.10.007
          4667129
          26544806
          b2d4ed23-ed3d-4de0-a55c-54bb4a18e51e
          History

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