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      So young, yet so mature? Electrophysiological and vascular correlates of phonotactic processing in 18-month-olds

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Highlights

          • •

            18-month-old infants differentiate between legal and illegal phonotactics.

          • •

            Infants show adult-like processing mechanisms in the electrophysiological signal.

          • •

            Vascular responses do not differentiate between legal and illegal phonotactics.

          • •

            Methodological and brain maturational aspects explain vascular responses.

          Abstract

          The present study investigated neural correlates of implicit phonotactic processing in 18-month-old children that just reached an important step in language development: the vocabulary spurt. Pseudowords, either phonotactically legal or illegal with respect to their native language, were acoustically presented to monolingually German raised infants. Neural activity was simultaneously assessed by means of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The former method excellently tracks fast processing mechanisms, whereas the latter reveals brain areas recruited. Results of the present study indicate that 18-month-olds recognize the linguistic properties of their native language based on phonotactics. This manifested in an increased N400 for legal compared to illegal pseudowords in the EEG conforming to adult-like mechanisms. Unfortunately, fNIRS findings did not support this discrimination ability. Possible methodological and brain maturational reasons might explain this null finding. This study provides evidence for the advantage of a multi-methodological approach in order to get a clear picture on neural language development.

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          A structural MRI study of human brain development from birth to 2 years.

          Rebecca C. Knickmeyer, Sylvain Gouttard, Chaeryon Kang … (2008)
          Brain development in the first 2 years after birth is extremely dynamic and likely plays an important role in neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. Knowledge regarding this period is currently quite limited. We studied structural brain development in healthy subjects from birth to 2. Ninety-eight children received structural MRI scans on a Siemens head-only 3T scanner with magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo T1-weighted, and turbo spin echo, dual-echo (proton density and T2 weighted) sequences: 84 children at 2-4 weeks, 35 at 1 year and 26 at 2 years of age. Tissue segmentation was accomplished using a novel automated approach. Lateral ventricle, caudate, and hippocampal volumes were also determined. Total brain volume increased 101% in the first year, with a 15% increase in the second. The majority of hemispheric growth was accounted for by gray matter, which increased 149% in the first year; hemispheric white matter volume increased by only 11%. Cerebellum volume increased 240% in the first year. Lateral ventricle volume increased 280% in the first year, with a small decrease in the second. The caudate increased 19% and the hippocampus 13% from age 1 to age 2. There was robust growth of the human brain in the first two years of life, driven mainly by gray matter growth. In contrast, white matter growth was much slower. Cerebellum volume also increased substantially in the first year of life. These results suggest the structural underpinnings of cognitive and motor development in early childhood, as well as the potential pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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            Functional neuroimaging of speech perception in infants.

            Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz, Stanislas Dehaene, Lucie Hertz-Pannier (2002)
            Human infants begin to acquire their native language in the first months of life. To determine which brain regions support language processing at this young age, we measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging the brain activity evoked by normal and reversed speech in awake and sleeping 3-month-old infants. Left-lateralized brain regions similar to those of adults, including the superior temporal and angular gyri, were already active in infants. Additional activation in right prefrontal cortex was seen only in awake infants processing normal speech. Thus, precursors of adult cortical language areas are already active in infants, well before the onset of speech production.
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              How to detect and reduce movement artifacts in near-infrared imaging using moving standard deviation and spline interpolation.

              Risa M. Wolf, T Muehlemann, S Spichtig … (2010)
              Near-infrared imaging (NIRI) is a neuroimaging technique which enables us to non-invasively measure hemodynamic changes in the human brain. Since the technique is very sensitive, the movement of a subject can cause movement artifacts (MAs), which affect the signal quality and results to a high degree. No general method is yet available to reduce these MAs effectively. The aim was to develop a new MA reduction method. A method based on moving standard deviation and spline interpolation was developed. It enables the semi-automatic detection and reduction of MAs in the data. It was validated using simulated and real NIRI signals. The results show that a significant reduction of MAs and an increase in signal quality are achieved. The effectiveness and usability of the method is demonstrated by the improved detection of evoked hemodynamic responses. The present method can not only be used in the postprocessing of NIRI signals but also for other kinds of data containing artifacts, for example ECG or EEG signals.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sarah Steber
                Sonja Rossi
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Dev Cogn Neurosci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Dev Cogn Neurosci
                Title: Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 1878-9293
                ISSN (Electronic): 1878-9307
                Publication date PMC-release: 18 April 2020
                Publication date Collection: June 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 April 2020
                Volume: 43
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100784
                Affiliations
                [a ]ICONE - Innsbruck Cognitive Neuroscience, Department for Hearing, Speech, and Voice Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
                [b ]Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: ICONE – Innsbruck Cognitive Neuroscience, Department for Hearing, Speech, and Voice Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A – 6020, Innsbruck, Europe, Austria. sonja.rossi@ 123456i-med.ac.at
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1878-9293(20)30032-3 Publisher ID: 100784
                DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100784
                PMC ID: 7184260
                PubMed ID: 32510350
                SO-VID: b3133a3d-dadf-45e9-8513-1996a78d9acb
                Copyright © © 2020 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 23 April 2019
                Date revision received : 8 April 2020
                Date accepted : 9 April 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: phonotactics,language acquisition,n400,vocabulary spurt,event-related brain potentials (erps),functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fnirs)
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: phonotactics, language acquisition, n400, vocabulary spurt, event-related brain potentials (erps), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fnirs)

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