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      Aspectos Funcionales del Sistema Renina Angiotensina Aldosterona y Bloqueantes de los Receptores ATI de Angiotensina II en Hipertensión Arterial

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          Abstract

          La Hipertensión Arterial es una enfermedad muy común y representa el principal factor de riesgo para eventos cardiovasculares. La hiperactividad del Sistema Renina Angiotensina Aldosterona (SRAA) ha sido implicada como factor de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con hipertensión esencial; Anormalidades vasculares intrínsecas en la cual el SRAA es, claramente, el escenario para el desarrollo de cambios patológicos en las paredes de las arterias ha sido implicado en la génesis de la hipertensión; Se han utilizado muchas drogas que actúan por mecanismos farmacológicos diferentes para el tratamiento individual del paciente hipertenso y las complicaciones cardiovasculares. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de los productos utilizados, algunas veces son limitados por la ocurrencia de efectos adversos. Gracias a continuas búsquedas farmacológicas, se han desarrollado nuevos compuestos disponibles para uso clínico, entre los que se encuentran los Antagonistas de los receptores AT1 de la Angiotensina II. Las principales funciones mediadas por el receptor ATI incluyen efecto vasoconstrictor, estimulación de la síntesis y liberación de aldosterona, reabsorción tubular renal de sodio, crecimiento cardiaco, proliferación de músculo liso vascular, aumento de la actividad noradrenérgica periférica, aumento de la actividad central del sistema nervioso simpático, estimulación de la liberación de vasopresina e inhibición de la renina renal. Las drogas bloqueantes de los receptores AT1 de la angiotensina II se oponen a los efectos de la angiotensina II disminuyendo la presión arterial pero no inducen la aparición de tos debido a que no aumentan los niveles de Bradikinina o Sustancia P, lo cual constituye su principal indicación en hipertensión arterial, es decir, en aquellos pacientes que necesitan un IECA pero que presenta tos como efecto secundario.

          Translated abstract

          Hypertension is a very common condition and the most important risk factor for the occurrence of cardiovascular events. The hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has been attributed as cardiovascular risk factor in subjects with essential hypertension; intrinsic vascular abnormalities in which the RAAS is clearly the milieu for the development of the pathological changes in the blood vessel’s wall, has been found to be the cause of the establishment of hypertension. Many drugs with different therapeutic mechanisms have been used for the treatment of the patient with hypertension and the vascular complications. Nevertheless, the majority of products used, sometimes their utility is limited for the occurrence of adverse effects. Permanent research for new pharmacological agents for the treatment of hypertension has lead to the development of angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists. The most important functions mediated by receptor AT1 include vasoconstriction, induction of the production and release of aldosterone, renal reabsortion of sodium, cardiac growth, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle, elevation of peripheral noradrenal action and central activity of sympathetic nervous system, stimulates vasopressin release and inhibits renin from the kidney. Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockers, oppose the effect of angiotensin II lowering blood pressure without producing cough as side effect as they do not affect levels of bradykinin or P substance, making these products suitable for the treatment of those patients with hypertension that require treatment with a drug blocking the effect of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) but these cannot be used due to cough as a side effect.

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          Most cited references36

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          The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

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            Diabetes and hypertension physiopathology and therapeutics.

            Diabetes mellitus by itself, is a frequent and increasing public health problem. The prevalence in most Western countries varies between 2 to 5% and it is rapidly increasing in Asiatic countries due to changes in dietary habits during the last years. The association between diabetes mellitus and hypertension has been described in 60 to 65% of diabetics. In hypertension we find insulin resistance mainly in skeletal muscle involving the conversion of glucose to glycogen independently of blood flow. The degree of resistance is related to the severity of hypertension and varies between races. States of hyperinsulinaemia and insulin-resistance have been postulated as causes and/or consequences of hypertension. Regardless of the type of diabetes, hypertension is two to three times more common among diabetics compared with non-diabetics. In this paper we propose to review the essential physiopathological mechanisms involved in this association that causes high morbidity and mortality rates and increases disability among the population involved.
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              Comparative safety and tolerability of angiotensin II receptor antagonists.

              Hypertension is a very common disease and represents a major risk factor for cardiovascular adverse events such as stroke and heart failure. In recent years, a big effort has been put into detecting and treating patients with hypertension. Several classes of drugs acting by different pharmacological mechanisms can be chosen for the treatment of hypertension. However, the long term use of all anti-hypertensive agents is sometimes limited by the occurrence of adverse effects. Thanks to continuous pharmacological research, new compounds are regularly developed and become available in clinical practice. Recently, several new, nonpeptide, orally active angiotensin II receptor antagonists have reached the market. Today, these substances represent the most specific way to block the renin angiotensin system. Numerous studies have now demonstrated that these angiotensin II antagonists are as effective as ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, beta-blockers or diuretics in lowering blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Given the increasing use of angiotensin II receptor antagonists in the treatment of hypertension, it is important to review their safety and tolerability. Based on the actual level of knowledge, the striking feature of this class of agents is their favourable safety and tolerability profile which appears to be equivalent to that observed with placebo. Indeed, so far, no clear class-specific adverse effect has been attributed to the angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Thus, if angiotensin II antagonists prevent target organ damage and reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients with hypertension, they may well become a first-line treatment of hypertension.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                avft
                Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacología y Terapéutica
                AVFT
                Sociedad Venezolana de Farmacológia y Farmacológia Clínica y Terapéutica. Escuela de Medicina (Caracas )
                0798-0264
                July 2000
                : 19
                : 2
                : 121-128
                Affiliations
                [1 ] UCV
                [2 ] UCV
                [3 ] UCV
                [4 ] UCV
                Article
                S0798-02642000000200009
                b326da91-bac8-4181-abbd-50d6442c1a2f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Venezuela

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0798-0264&lng=en
                Categories
                PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Renin- angiotensin system,Hypertension,Angiotensin 2,AT1 receptor blockers,Sistema renina angiotensina,Hipertensión arterial,Bloqueadores de los receptores AT1 de angiotensina II

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