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      Pain Medication Requirements After Sacropexy and Combination Interventions

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          Abstract

          Background and Objectives:

          Laparoscopic surgery is associated with reduced morbidity, and postoperative pain is reduced. The aim of this study was to assess postoperative pain intensity, analgesic requirements, and the influence of cofactors after laparoscopic sacral colpopexy.

          Methods:

          The study assessed 287 patients treated with laparoscopic sacropexy for genital prolapse with a Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification grade >1. Patients were asked to evaluate their pain postoperatively using a 4-point verbal pain rating scale. In addition, medical records were analyzed regarding the requirement for analgesic medication.

          Results:

          Patients distinguished between abdominal pain and shoulder pain after laparoscopy. Abdominal pain reached maximum severity on day 1 and showed a good response to nonsteroidal antiphlogistics, whereas shoulder pain was rarely found (6.27%). Of the patients, 38% required no pain treatment or required 1 dose at most. The need for pain medication reached its climax on day 1 and decreased during the 5 following days. Non-opioid analgesics provided a sufficient therapeutic effect.

          Conclusion:

          Laparoscopic sacropexy is associated with a moderate degree of postoperative pain. Non-opioid analgesics should be preferred as first-line therapy. The typical shoulder-tip pain showed only a low prevalence in our study group. From our point of view, the low rate of shoulder-tip pain corresponded with the low intra-abdominal carbon dioxide pressure.

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          Most cited references22

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          The standardization of terminology of female pelvic organ prolapse and pelvic floor dysfunction.

          This article presents a standard system of terminology recently approved by the International Continence Society, the American Urogynecologic Society, and the Society of Gynecologic Surgeons for the description of female pelvic organ prolapse and pelvic floor dysfunction. An objective site-specific system for describing, quantitating, and staging pelvic support in women is included. It has been developed to enhance both clinical and academic communication regarding individual patients and populations of patients. Clinicians and researchers caring for women with pelvic organ prolapse and pelvic floor dysfunction are encouraged to learn and use the system.
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            Low-pressure pneumoperitoneum versus standard pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a prospective randomized clinical trial.

            Post-laparoscopic pain syndrome is well recognized and characterized by abdominal and particularly shoulder tip pain; it occurs frequently following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The etiology of post-laparoscopic pain can be classified into three aspects: visceral, incision, and shoulder. The origin of shoulder pain is only partly understood, but it is commonly assumed that the cause is overstretching of the diaphragmatic muscle fibers owing to a high rate of insufflations. This study aimed to compare the frequency and intensity of shoulder tip pain between low-pressure (7 mmHg) and standard-pressure (14 mmHg) in a prospective randomized clinical trial. One hundred and forty consecutive patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized prospectively to either high- or low-pressure pneumoperitoneum and blinded by research nurses who assessed the patients during the postoperative period. The statistical analysis included sex, mean age, weight, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, operative time, complication rate, duration of surgery, conversion rate, postoperative pain by using visual analogue scale, number of analgesic injections, incidence and severity of shoulder tip pain, and postoperative hospital stay. p < 0.05 was considered indicative of significance. The characteristics of the patients were similar in the two groups except for the predominance of males in the standard-pressure group (controls). The procedure was successful in 68 of 70 patients in the low-pressure group compared with in 70 patients in the standard group. Operative time, number of analgesic injections, visual analogue score, and length of postoperative days were similar in both groups. Incidence of shoulder tip pain was higher in the standard-pressure group, but not statistically significantly so (27.9% versus 44.3%) (p = 0.100). Low-pressure pneumoperitoneum tended to be better than standard-pressure pneumoperitoneum in terms of lower incidence of shoulder tip pain, but this difference did not reach statistical significance following elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
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              Single dose oral ibuprofen plus paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute postoperative pain.

              Combining two different analgesics in fixed doses in a single tablet can provide better pain relief than either drug alone in acute pain. This appears to be broadly true across a range of different drug combinations, in postoperative pain and migraine headache. Some combinations of ibuprofen and paracetamol are available for use without prescription in some acute pain situations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                JSLS
                JSLS
                jsls
                jsls
                JSLS
                JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons
                Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons (Miami, FL )
                1086-8089
                1938-3797
                Jul-Sep 2014
                : 18
                : 3
                : e2014.00036
                Affiliations
                Dormagen Hospital, Dormagen, Germany.
                Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Cologne, Dormagen, Germany.
                University of Witten Herdecke, Witten, Germany.
                University of Witten Herdecke, Witten, Germany.
                Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Marien Hospital, Witten, Germany.
                University of Witten Herdecke, Witten, Germany.
                Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Marien Hospital, Witten, Germany.
                Dormagen Hospital, Dormagen, Germany.
                Department of Anaesthesiology, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Cologne, Dormagen, Germany.
                Dormagen Hospital, Dormagen, Germany.
                Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Cologne, Dormagen, Germany.
                Dormagen Hospital, Dormagen, Germany.
                Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Cologne, Dormagen, Germany.
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to: Guenter Karl Noé, MD, Dormagen Hospital, Dr. Geldmacherstrasse 20, 41540 Dormagen, Germany. Telephone: +492133664600, Fax: +492133662603, E-mail: noemail@ 123456onlinemed.de
                Article
                JSLS-D-14-00036
                10.4293/JSLS.2014.00036
                4208892
                b361102c-9eb6-4faf-893f-ca04df77e86a
                © 2014 by JSLS, Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/), which permits for noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not altered in any way.

                History
                Categories
                Scientific Papers

                Surgery
                laparoscopic surgery,postoperative pain,prolapse surgery,pain treatment,shoulder-tip pain,laparoscopic sacropexy,pain medication,vault prolapse

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