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      Prevalencia de tumores metastásicos en la glándula tiroides. Revisión sistemática y metanálisis Translated title: Prevalence of metastatic tumors in the thyroid gland. Systematic review and meta-analysis

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción y objetivo: Los tumores metastásicos en la glándula tiroides complican el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y el pronóstico del paciente. El objetivo es conocer la prevalencia de las metástasis en la glándula tiroides referida en la literatura médica y los tumores primarios que con más frecuencia metastatizan en la glándula tiroides. Método: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática en las bases de datos de PubMed, La Biblioteca Cochrane y Scopus. Los artículos seleccionados se dividieron en dos grupos, series clínicas de pacientes en los que se hallaron metástasis en tiroides (grupo A) y series de hallazgos de metástasis en tiroides en autopsias (grupo B). Se realizó metanálisis de prevalencia para cada grupo de artículos siguiendo el modelo de efectos aleatorios. Resultados: La prevalencia en cada grupo con su índice de confianza al 95 % fue 0.00479 (0.002-0.007) para el grupo A y 0.0362 (0.014-0.059) para el grupo B. La prevalencia de metástasis halladas en autopsias fue 7,58 veces mayor que en los estudios clínicos. En el grupo A la edad media fue 60.82 y en el grupo B 57.20. En ambos grupos las metástasis halladas en tiroides fueron más frecuentes en el sexo femenino. La localización del tumor primario fue diferente en ambos grupos, en el grupo A fue el cáncer de riñón y en el grupo B el cáncer de mama. La variabilidad de la prevalencia de metástasis en tiroides en los diferentes artículos de ambos grupos hace que este estudio tuviese una alta heterogeneidad (índice I2 y Q). Los funnel plot de ambos grupos indicaron alto sesgo de publicación. Discusión: La diferente prevalencia entre series clínicas y autopsias puede implicar que la detección de metástasis en tiroides en la clínica está infradiagnosticada. La razón de esto podría ser que las metástasis intratiroideas se presentan de forma asintomática siendo diagnosticadas como hallazgo casual en autopsias. En otras ocasiones se presentan como un nódulo tiroideo años después del tumor primario, lo que condiciona el diagnóstico. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de metástasis en tiroides es superior en las series de autopsias que en series clínicas (hasta 6.67 veces más frecuente en nuestro estudio). Las metástasis intratiroideas probablemente están infradiagnosticadas por cursar sin clínica siendo diagnosticadas como hallazgo casual en autopsias. Los tumores primarios más frecuentes fueron el riñón (series clínicas) y la mama (series de autopsias).

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction and objective: Metastatic tumors in thyroid complicate the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of the patient. The objective is to determine the prevalence of metastasis in the thyroid gland reported in the medical literature and to examine the primary tumors that most frequently metastasize to the thyroid gland. Method: A systematic bibliographic review was undertaken in the PubMed, The Cochrane Library and Scopus databases. The selected articles were divided into two groups, clinical series of patients in whom thyroid metastasis were found (group A) and series of findings of metastasis in thyroid at autopsy (group B). Prevalence meta- analysis were performed for each group of articles following the random effects model. Results: The prevalence in each group with its 95 % confidence index was 0.00479 (0.002-0.007) for group A and 0.0362 (0.014-0.059) for group B. The prevalence of metastasis found at autopsies was 6.67 times higher than in clinical studies. In group A the mean age was 60.82 and in group B it was 57.20. In both groups, metastases found in the thyroid were more frequent in the female sex. The location of the primary tumor was different in both groups, in group A it was kidney cancer and in group B it was breast cancer. The variability of the prevalence of thyroid metastasis in the different articles of both groups makes this study highly heterogeneous (index I2 and Q). The funnel plots of both groups indicated high publication bias. Discussion: The different prevalence between clinical series and autopsies may imply that the detection of thy- roid metastases in the clinic is underdiagnosed. The reason for this could be that intrathyroid metastases appear asymptomatically, being diagnosed as an incidental finding at autopsy. On other occasions they present as a thyroid nodule years after the primary tumor, which determines the diagnosis. Conclusions: The prevalence of thyroid metastases is higher in autopsy series than in clinical series (up to 7.58 times more frequent in our study). Intrathyroid metastasis are probably underdiagnosed because they are not clinical, and they are diagnosed as a casual finding at autopsy. The most frequent primary tumors were the kidney (clinical series) and the breast (autopsy series).

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          Most cited references141

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          Metastases to the thyroid: a review of the literature from the last decade.

          Although clinically evident metastases of nonthyroid malignancies (NTMs) to the thyroid gland are uncommon, it is important to suspect them in patients who present with a new thyroid mass and a history, however far back, of prior malignancy. In fact, metastases from NTMs to the thyroid gland have been reported in 1.4%-3% of all patients who have surgery for suspected cancer in the thyroid gland. Here we review the literature over the last decade regarding this topic. Based on recent literature, the most common NTMs that metastasize to the thyroid gland are renal cell (48.1%), colorectal (10.4%), lung (8.3%), and breast carcinoma (7.8%), and sarcoma (4.0%). Metastases of NTMs to the thyroid are more common in women than men (female to male ratio=1.4 to 1) and in nodular thyroid glands (44.2%). The mean and median intervals between diagnosing NTMs and their metastases to thyroid gland are 69.9 and 53 months, respectively. In 20% of cases the diagnosis of the NTM and its metastases to the thyroid was synchronous. Recent reports indicate that there is a higher frequency of sarcoma metastasizing to the thyroid gland than reported in prior years. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of thyroid masses is useful in diagnosis of thyroid metastases. However, this requires information about the NTM so that the proper antibodies can be used for immunohistochemical analysis; therefore it is of lesser utility if the NTM is occult. In patients with preexisting thyroid pathology the FNAB diagnosis can be more difficult due to more than one lesion being present. It is important to keep in mind that the thyroid gland can be a site of metastases for a variety of tumors when evaluating a thyroid nodule, especially in a patient with a prior history of malignancy. In patients with thyroid lesions and a history of malignant disease, regardless of time elapsed since the initial diagnosis of the primary neoplasm, disease recurrence or progression of malignancy must be considered until proven otherwise.
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            Increased incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma and detection of subclinical disease.

            Recent reports from North America and Europe have documented an annual increase in the incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. We sought to investigate the relation between rates of detection, tumour size, age and sex. Using the Ontario Cancer Registry, we identified 7422 cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma diagnosed from Jan. 1, 1990, to Dec. 31, 2001. We obtained pathology reports for a random 10% of the 7422 patients for each year of the study period. The sample represented all Cancer Care Ontario regions. We compared the size of the patients' tumours by year, sex and age. As expected, the incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma increased over the 12-year period. A significantly higher number of small (< or = 2 cm), nonpalpable tumours were resected in 2001 than in 1990 (p = 0.001). The incidence of tumours 2-4 cm in diameter remained stable. When we examined differences in tumour detection rates by age and sex, we observed a disproportionate increase in the number of small tumours detected among women and among patients older than 45 years. Our findings suggest that more frequent use of medical imaging has led to an increased detection rate of small, subclinical tumours, which in turn accounts for the higher incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. This suggests that we need to re-evaluate our understanding of the trends in thyroid cancer incidence.
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              Metastasis to the thyroid gland. A report of 43 cases.

              The incidence of metastasis to the thyroid gland in autopsy series varies from 1.25% to 24%. Metastasis to the thyroid gland is usually considered a terminal event, and the effectiveness of conventional treatment has been questioned. The authors assessed the effects of current methods of diagnosis and treatment on the course of the disease. Forty-three patients with metastasis to the thyroid gland were studied retrospectively. Primary tumor origin was identified in all but two cases. Metastasis to the thyroid gland was confirmed by fine-needle aspiration cytology or histology. Data were analyzed for the frequency and types of malignant lesions, the clinical course of disease, and the prognosis after thyroid involvement. The kidney was the most common primary tumor site (33%), followed by lung (16%), breast (16%), esophagus (9%), and uterus (7%). The time from diagnosis of the primary tumor to metastasis to the thyroid gland was considerable for renal cell adenocarcinoma (mean, 106 months) and for adenocarcinomas of the breast (mean, 131 months) and uterus (mean, 132 months). In 12 patients, this interval was more than 120 months. Fine-needle aspiration cytology detected metastatic malignancy in 29 of 30 patients. Treatment involved surgery alone, surgery with adjuvant therapy, or nonsurgical methods. Two patients with uterine adenocarcinoma and one with breast adenocarcinoma had disease regression with no evidence of tumor recurrence. In any patient with a previous history of malignancy, no matter how remote that history is, a new thyroid mass should be considered recurrent malignancy until proved otherwise. Although detection of metastasis to the thyroid gland often indicates poor prognosis, aggressive surgical and medical therapy may be effective in a small percentage of patients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                orl
                Revista ORL
                Rev. ORL
                Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca (Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain )
                2444-7986
                March 2021
                : 12
                : 1
                : 67-83
                Affiliations
                [2] Salamanca orgnameHospital Universitario de Salamanca orgdiv1Servicio de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello orgdiv2Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL) España
                [1] Salamanca Castilla y León orgnameUniversidad de Salamanca orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Cirugía Spain
                Article
                S2444-79862021000100007 S2444-7986(21)01200100007
                10.14201/orl.23207
                b378cbba-abfc-4c31-93c5-dfe945da261c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 May 2020
                : 28 June 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 144, Pages: 17
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículo de revisión

                revisión,prevalence,secondary thyroid neoplasm,prevalencia,metástasis en tiroides,review,neoplasia secundaria de tiroides,meta-analysis,metastasis in thyroid,metástasis intratiroideas,intrathyroid metastasis,metanálisis

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