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      Flavonoids, Antioxidant Potential, and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Activity of the Extracts from the Gametophyte and Archegoniophore of Marchantia polymorpha L.

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          Abstract

          Marchantia polymorpha L. is a representative bryophyte used as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb for scald and pneumonia. The phytochemicals in M. polymorpha L. are terpenoids and flavonoids, among which especially the flavonoids show significant human health benefits. Many researches on the gametophyte of M. polymorpha L . have been reported. However, as the reproductive organ of M. polymorpha L ., the bioactivity and flavonoids profile of the archegoniophore have not been reported, so in this work the flavonoid profiles, antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities of the extracts from the archegoniophore and gametophyte of M. polymorpha L . were compared by radical scavenging assay methods (DPPH, ABTS, O 2−), reducing power assay, acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay and LC-MS analysis. The results showed that the total flavonoids content in the archegoniophore was about 10-time higher than that of the gametophyte. Differences between the archegoniophore and gametophyte of M. polymorpha L. were observed by LC-MS analysis. The archegoniophore extracts showed stronger bio-activities than those of the gametophyte. The archegoniophore extract showed a significant acetylcholinesterase inhibition, while the gametophyte extract hardly inhibited it.

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          Liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric study of the phenolic composition of cocoa (Theobroma cacao).

          Rosa Lamuela-Raventos, H O Jauregui, Ferran Sánchez-Reus … (2002)
          Liquid chromatography coupled with ionspray mass spectrometry in the tandem mode (LC/MS/MS) with negative ion detection was used for the identification of a variety of phenolic compounds in a cocoa sample. Gradient elution with water and acetonitrile, both containing 0.1% HCOOH, was used. Standard solutions of 31 phenolic compounds, including benzoic and cinnamic acids and flavonoid compounds, were studied in the negative ion mode using MS/MS product ion scans. At low collisional activation, the deprotonated molecule [M - H](-) was observed for all the compounds studied. For cinnamic and benzoic acids, losses of CO(2) or formation of [M - CH(3)](-*) in the case of methoxylated compounds were observed. However, for flavonol and flavone glycosides, the spectra present both the deprotonated molecule [M - H](-) of the glycoside and the ion corresponding to the deprotonated aglycone [A - H](-). The latter ion is formed by loss of the rhamnose, glucose, galactose or arabinose residue from the glycosides. Different fragmentation patterns were observed in MS/MS experiments for flavone-C-glycosides which showed fragmentation in the sugar part. Fragmentation of aglycones provided characteristic ions for each family of flavonoids. The optimum LC/MS/MS conditions were applied to the characterization of a cocoa sample that had been subjected to an extraction/clean-up procedure which involved chromatography on Sephadex LH20 and thin-layer chromatographic monitoring. In addition to compounds described in the literature, such as epicatechin and catechin, quercetin, isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) and quercetin-3-O-arabinose, other compounds were identified for the first time in cocoa samples, such as hyperoside (quercetin-3-O-galactoside), naringenin, luteolin, apigenin and some O-glucosides and C-glucosides of these compounds. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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            Cholinesterase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Alzheimer??s Disease

            Anne-Lie Svensson, Agneta Nordberg (1998)
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              Characterization of flavonoids from Dryopteris erythrosora and evaluation of their antioxidant, anticancer and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities.

              Jianguo Cao, Gui-Xian Xia, Xuefei Chen … (2013)
              The profiles and bioactivities of flavonoids extracted from Dryopteris erythrosora were investigated. The total flavonoid content in full plant of D. Erythrosora is about 14.33%. The main flavonoids in D. Erythrosora were identified as gliricidin 7-O-hexoside, apigenin7-O-glucoside, quercetin 7-O-rutinoside, quercetin 7-O-galactoside, keampferol 7-O-gentiobioside, keampferol-3-O-rutinoside, myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside and quercitrin by means of HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. Flavonoids (0.36mg/ml) extract from D. erythrosora showed similar 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH()), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS()), superoxide anion scavenging potential and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) with that of rutin (0.80mg/ml). However, the antioxidant power by FRAP assay of 0.36mg/ml flavonoids extract from D. erythrosora was much weaker than that of 0.80mg/ml rutin. Moreover, the flavonoids extract from D. erythrosora showed obvious cytotoxic effects on A549 cells. The antioxidant activities of flavonoids extracts from 69 ferns showed a significant reciprocal proportion to the total flavonoids contents. The flavonoids extract from D. erythrosora exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition against acetylcholinesterase. Moreover, the anticancer activity slightly increased with improving antioxidant potential of fern flavonoids. Fern flavonoids are excellent function foods.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Derek J. McPhee: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 March 2016
                Publication date Collection: March 2016
                Volume: 21
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 360
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Insititute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; xinwang2015@ 123456yahoo.com
                [2 ]University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
                [3 ]College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China; cao101@ 123456shnu.edu.cn
                [4 ]College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
                [5 ]Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 200234, China
                [6 ]State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau; jianboxiao@ 123456yahoo.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: wangqx@ 123456shnu.edu.cn (Y.W.); yuhuanwu@ 123456iae.ac.cn (Q.W.); Tel.: +86-137-0163-6197 (Y.W.); +86-137-5814-5015 (Q.W.)
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-21-00360
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030360
                PMC ID: 6273606
                PubMed ID: 26999088
                SO-VID: b3949ab3-fef3-476e-92fb-c706b2d54fd3
                Copyright © © 2016 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 19 February 2016
                Date accepted : 10 March 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: marchantia polymorpha l.,flavonoids,antioxidant potential,archegoniophore,gametophyte,acetylcholinesterase inhibition
                Data availability:
                Keywords: marchantia polymorpha l., flavonoids, antioxidant potential, archegoniophore, gametophyte, acetylcholinesterase inhibition

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