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      Updated Canadian Expert Consensus on Assessing Risk of Disease Progression and Pharmacological Management of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

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          Abstract

          Purpose:

          The purpose of this article is to update the previously published consensus recommendations from March 2017 discussing the optimal management of adult patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). This document focuses on recent developments in genetic testing, renal imaging, assessment of risk regarding disease progression, and pharmacological treatment options for ADPKD.

          Sources of information:

          Published literature was searched in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar to identify the latest evidence related to the treatment and management of ADPKD.

          Methods:

          All pertinent articles were reviewed by the authors to determine if a new recommendation was required, or if the previous recommendation needed updating. The consensus recommendations were developed by the authors based on discussion and review of the evidence.

          Key findings:

          The genetics of ADPKD are becoming more complex with the identification of new and rarer genetic variants such as GANAB. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) continue to be the main imaging modalities used to evaluate ADPKD. Total kidney volume (TKV) continues to be the most validated and most used measure to assess disease progression. Since the publication of the previous consensus recommendations, the use of the Mayo Clinic Classification for prognostication purposes has been validated in patients with class 1 ADPKD. Recent evidence supports the benefits of a low-osmolar diet and dietary sodium restriction in patients with ADPKD. Evidence from the Replicating Evidence of Preserved Renal Function: an Investigation of Tolvaptan Safety and Efficacy in ADPKD (REPRISE) trial supports the use of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) receptor antagonism in patients with ADPKD 18 to 55 years of age with eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) of 25 to 65 mL/min/1.73 m 2 or 56 to 65 years of age with eGFR of 25 to 44 mL/min/1.73 m 2 with historical evidence of a decline in eGFR >2.0 mL/min/1.73 m 2/year.

          Limitations:

          Available literature was limited to English language publications and to publications indexed in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar.

          Implications:

          Advances in the assessment of the risk of disease progression include the validation of the Mayo Clinic Classification for patients with class 1 ADPKD. Advances in the pharmacological management of ADPKD include the expansion of the use of ADH receptor antagonism in patients 18 to 55 years of age with eGFR of 25 to 65 mL/min/1.73 m 2 or 56 to 65 years of age with eGFR of 25 to 44 mL/min/1.73 m 2 with historical evidence of a decline in eGFR >2.0 mL/min/1.73 m 2/year, as per the results of the REPRISE study.

          Abrégé

          Motif:

          L’objet de cet article est de faire une mise à jour des recommandations consensuelles publiées en mars 2017 traitant de la prise en charge des patients adultes atteints de la maladie polykystique autosomique dominante (MPAD). Ce document s’intéresse aux développements récents en matière de dépistage génétique, d’imagerie rénale, d’évaluation des risques de progression de la maladie et des options de traitement pharmacologique de la MPAD.

          Sources:

          Les plus récents développements liés à la prise en charge et au traitement de la MPAD ont été colligés à partir des articles publiés sur le sujet dans PubMed, la bibliothèque Cochrane et Google Scholar.

          Méthodologie:

          Les auteurs ont relu tous les articles pertinents pour déterminer si de nouvelles recommandations étaient requises ou si les recommandations ultérieures nécessitaient une mise à jour. Les recommandations consensuelles ont été élaborées par les auteurs à partir de la discussion et de la révision des données probantes.

          Principaux résultats:

          Les caractéristiques génétiques de la MPAD deviennent de plus en plus complexes avec l’identification de nouvelles et de plus rares variantes telles que GANAB. L’IRM et la tomodensitométrie demeurent les principales modalités d’imagerie utilisées pour le diagnostic et l’évaluation de la MPAD. Le volume rénal total (VRT) continue d’être la mesure la mieux validée et la plus employée pour évaluer la progression de la maladie. Depuis la publication des précédentes recommandations consensuelles, le recours à la classification de la Clinique Mayo a été validé à des fins pronostiques chez les patients atteints de MPAD de type 1. Des données récentes soutiennent les bienfaits d’une diète à faible osmolarité et des restrictions alimentaires pour le sodium chez les patients atteints de la MPAD. Les résultats de l’essai REPRISE ( Replicating Evidence of Preserved Renal Function: an Investigation of Tolvaptan Safety and Efficacy in ADPKD ) viennent appuyer le recours à des antagonistes des récepteurs de l’ADH chez les patients atteints de la MPAD âgés de 18 à 55 ans et dont le DFGe se situe entre 25 et 65 mL/min/1,73 m 2 ou chez ceux qui sont âgés de 56 à 65 ans et dont le DFGe se situe entre 25 et 44 mL/min/1,73 m 2 et dont les antécédents montrent un déclin du DFGe supérieur à 2,0 mL/min/1,73 m 2 par année.

          Limites:

          La recherche s’est limitée aux publications en anglais et indexées sur PubMed, Google Scholar et dans la bibliothèque Cochrane.

          Implications:

          Les avancées dans l’évaluation du risque de progression de la maladie incluent la validation de la classification de la clinique Mayo pour les patients atteints de MPAD de type 1. Les développements dans la prise en charge pharmacologique de la MPAD incluent les résultats obtenus lors de l’essai REPRISE; soit l’élargissement de l’utilisation des antagonistes des récepteurs de l’ADH aux patients âgés de 18 à 25 ans dont le DFGe se situe entre 25 et 65 mL/min/1,73 m 2 ou à ceux âgés de 56 à 65 ans dont le DFGe se situe entre 25 et 44 mL/min/1,73 m 2 et dont les antécédents montrent un déclin du DFGe supérieur à 2,0 mL/min/1,73 m 2 par année.

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          Most cited references57

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          PKD2, a gene for polycystic kidney disease that encodes an integral membrane protein.

          A second gene for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease was identified by positional cloning. Nonsense mutations in this gene (PKD2) segregated with the disease in three PKD2 families. The predicted 968-amino acid sequence of the PKD2 gene product has six transmembrane spans with intracellular amino- and carboxyl-termini. The PKD2 protein has amino acid similarity with PKD1, the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of PKD1, and the family of voltage-activated calcium (and sodium) channels, and it contains a potential calcium-binding domain.
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            Tolvaptan in Later-Stage Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

            In a previous trial involving patients with early autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD; estimated creatinine clearance, ≥60 ml per minute), the vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist tolvaptan slowed the growth in total kidney volume and the decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) but also caused more elevations in aminotransferase and bilirubin levels. The efficacy and safety of tolvaptan in patients with later-stage ADPKD are unknown.
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              Unified criteria for ultrasonographic diagnosis of ADPKD.

              Individuals who are at risk for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease are often screened by ultrasound using diagnostic criteria derived from individuals with mutations in PKD1. Families with mutations in PKD2 typically have less severe disease, suggesting a potential need for different diagnostic criteria. In this study, 577 and 371 at-risk individuals from 58 PKD1 and 39 PKD2 families, respectively, were assessed by renal ultrasound and molecular genotyping. Using sensitivity data derived from genetically affected individuals and specificity data derived from genetically unaffected individuals, various diagnostic criteria were compared. In addition, data sets were created to simulate the PKD1 and PKD2 case mix expected in practice to evaluate the performance of diagnostic criteria for families of unknown genotype. The diagnostic criteria currently in use performed suboptimally for individuals with mutations in PKD2 as a result of reduced test sensitivity. In families of unknown genotype, the presence of three or more (unilateral or bilateral) renal cysts is sufficient for establishing the diagnosis in individuals aged 15 to 39 y, two or more cysts in each kidney is sufficient for individuals aged 40 to 59 y, and four or more cysts in each kidney is required for individuals > or = 60 yr. Conversely, fewer than two renal cysts in at-risk individuals aged > or = 40 yr is sufficient to exclude the disease. These unified diagnostic criteria will be useful for testing individuals who are at risk for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in the usual clinical setting in which molecular genotyping is seldom performed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                CJK
                spcjk
                Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                2054-3581
                12 October 2018
                2018
                : 5
                : 2054358118801589
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Nephrology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
                [2 ]Division of Nephrology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
                [3 ]Division of Nephrology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
                [4 ]Division of Nephrology, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
                [5 ]Division of Nephrology, Seven Oaks General Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
                [6 ]Division of Nephrology, Lakeshore General Hospital, McGill University, Pointe-Claire, QC, Canada
                [7 ]Division of Nephrology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
                [8 ]Division of Nephrology, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON, Canada
                [9 ]Division of Nephrology, Scarborough and Rouge Hospital, ON, Canada
                [10 ]Division of Nephrology, Département de Médecine, Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
                Author notes
                [*]Steven Soroka, Division of Nephrology, Dalhousie University, QEII - Dickson Building, Suite 5088 Dickson Building, 5820 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9. Email: Steven.Soroka@ 123456nshealth.ca
                Article
                10.1177_2054358118801589
                10.1177/2054358118801589
                6187423
                30345064
                b394d5fc-5a89-4a09-b7d0-c4115c1c51d3
                © The Author(s) 2018

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 6 June 2018
                : 22 August 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: Otsuka Pharmaceutical, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100007132;
                Award ID: Grant
                Categories
                Guideline/Guideline Commentary
                Custom metadata
                January-December 2018

                adpkd (autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease),kidney,risk,disease progression,canadian consensus

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