The new Italian emigration between necessity and choice: “Cordless workers” in Athens

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Abstract

Statistics show that the new Italian emigration presents a plurality of directions: alongside the resumption of flows in the direction of the more traditional destinations, there are now migratory currents in the most diverse directions, including areas that are weak or lagging behind Italy. This novelty opens new interesting questions for the sociology of migration. This contribution highlights the necessity to face the study of �mobility� through interpretative approaches capable of grasping the pluralistic material and immaterial �spaces� designed by the new migratory trajectories. Therefore, we explore the South-South direction, which has remained at the margins of research and debate, trying to add a new piece to the increasingly complex picture of the Italian presence abroad. In the first part of the paper we will focus on some theoretical and demographic aspects considered relevant for the study of the new Italian emigration, with the aim of bringing out the complexity of the phenomenon. In the second part, after a brief methodological note, the results of a qualitative research carried out on the new Italian emigration to Athens will be presented in order to grasp its specific aspects.

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International student migration and the European ?Year Abroad?: effects on European identity and subsequent migration behaviour

Russell King, Enric Ruiz-Gelices (2003)

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Albania, the human factor and sustainable development: a lesson from the present

Arta Musaraj (2011)

Albania as all Balkan countries in general, in the past 20 years faced with deep and continuous socio-economic change which resulted not simply in a totally newly shaped economy, but also in new and unexperienced paths of human resources developments. This referring to the qualitative, quantitative and diversification terms, brings the age of new professions and connections between the academic development and advancement and the adaption with the real necessities of the labor market. Adding to this complex and mobile situation the effect on their economy of the last financial crisis, the turbulence level is expected to be increased . Practitioners and researchers must understand connections and make up different scenarios which will face with a very unpredictable environment. Not surprisingly, Albania as some other southwestern European countries, due to the low level of integration into the international financial market, their mainly domestic market for goods and services produced by them, did not suffer the same consequences as other neighboring countries. But even the effect of downsizing their economies will affect Albanian economy too, because the payment balance and foreign trade balance as well as due to the widening of globalization in its domestic economy, which Albania cannot afford to avoid any longer. At the same time, the country must take in consideration the economic structure change and its adoption with the EU countries economic structure. These two main challenges can be afforded with substantial foreign investments and the most attractive resource has proved to be the human one. Sustainable development of human resources for a national sustainable development, requires making pro-active decision regarding their development and planning. The welfare of countries more and more is not being measured by the GDP pro capita, instead it is being used the term” life quality” which calls for decision making process aiming to increase and not simply exploit, which pro-actively develops qualitative human resources . This because a major factor for development is direct foreign investment. This drives Albania as well as other Balkan countries shift from naturally gifted with human resources due to the high nativity toward having attractive human resources in terms of quality and diversity related to actual and future trends of economy structuring and development. The paper deals with issues related to economic and human development by comparing two major factors in the case of Albania: the quality of human resources, role of foreign investments in the Albanian economic development and effects of human resources have on them and the careful planning of human resources development driven by actual and future trends of economic development. At the same time, the paper analyses the necessity to link the didactic offer of universities and high schools and market driving forces.

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The Mediterranean model of immigration

Enrico Pugliese (2011)

The countries of Southern Europe – Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain – have become in the last decades countries of immigration, while they are still areas of emigration even thug with a substant reduction of the emigration flows. The patterns of immigration in these countries have several common features. First af all immigration started in all countries in the same period (the 1970ties). Secondly they receive immigratns from many, also very distant, places. Thirdly there is a high presence of female immigrants, that is often above 59% of the total immigrant flow. Fourtly in all these countries – contray to the intraeuropean migrations of the ‘fifties and of the ‘sixties - immigrants have found occupation in the service sector, in agricolture and not so often in industry. Female employment in the services is the most important feature of this immigration: female immigrants work mostly as cleaners and in general in domestic work and now, more and more frequently, in the area of care for the elderly. Also the immigration policies in these countries are similar with closed borders and consequent illegal immigration and the practice of amnesty laws. Because of all these common characterics the article puts forward the hipothesis of the existence of a mediterranean model of immigration.