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      Neuroimaging self-esteem: a fMRI study of individual differences in women

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          Abstract

          Although neuroimaging studies strongly implicate the medial prefrontal cortex (ventral and dorsal), cingulate gyrus (anterior and posterior), precuneus and temporoparietal cortex in mediating self-referential processing (SRP), little is known about the neural bases mediating individual differences in valenced SRP, that is, processes intrinsic to self-esteem. This study investigated the neural correlates of experimentally engendered valenced SRP via the Visual–Verbal Self-Other Referential Processing Task in 20 women with fMRI. Participants viewed pictures of themselves or unknown other women during separate trials while covertly rehearsing ‘I am’ or ‘She is’, followed by reading valenced trait adjectives, thus variably associating the self/other with positivity/negativity. Response within dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex and left temporoparietal cortex varied with individual differences in both pre-task rated self-descriptiveness of the words, as well as task-induced affective responses. Results are discussed as they relate to a social cognitive and affective neuroscience view of self-esteem.

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          Bad is stronger than good.

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            The ABCs of depression: integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender difference in depression.

            In adulthood, twice as many women as men are depressed, a pattern that holds in most nations. In childhood, girls are no more depressed than boys, but more girls than boys are depressed by ages 13 to 15. Although many influences on this emergent gender difference in depression have been proposed, a truly integrated, developmental model is lacking. The authors propose a model that integrates affective (emotional reactivity), biological (genetic vulnerability, pubertal hormones, pubertal timing and development) and cognitive (cognitive style, objectified body consciousness, rumination) factors as vulnerabilities to depression that, in interaction with negative life events, heighten girls' rates of depression beginning in adolescence and account for the gender difference in depression.
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              Self-reflection and the brain: a theoretical review and meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies with implications for schizophrenia.

              Several studies have investigated the neural correlates of self-reflection. In the paradigm most commonly used to address this concept, a subject is presented with trait adjectives or sentences and asked whether they describe him or her. Functional neuroimaging research has revealed a set of regions known as Cortical Midline Structures (CMS) appearing to be critically involved in self-reflection processes. Furthermore, it has been shown that patients suffering damage to the CMS, have difficulties in properly evaluating the problems they encounter and often overestimate their capacities and performance. Building on previous work, a meta-analysis of published fMRI and PET studies on self-reflection was conducted. The results showed that two areas within the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) are important in reflective processing, namely the ventral (v) and dorsal (d) MPFC. In this paper a model is proposed in which the vMPFC is responsible for tagging information relevant for 'self', whereas the dMPFC is responsible for evaluation and decision-making processes in self- and other-referential processing. Finally, implications of the model for schizophrenia and lack of insight are noted. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci
                Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci
                scan
                scan
                Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
                Oxford University Press
                1749-5016
                1749-5024
                June 2013
                17 April 2012
                17 April 2012
                : 8
                : 5
                : 546-555
                Affiliations
                1Department of Psychiatry, 2Department of Psychology, 3Graduate Program in Neuroscience, 4Medical Biophysics, 5Medical Imaging, Western University, London, ON N6A3K7, Canada 6Department of Medical Imaging, St. Joseph’s Health Care, and 7Imaging division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A4V2, Canada
                Author notes
                Correspondence should be addressed to Paul Frewen, PhD, C.Psych, Western University, University Hospital (Room A10-222), London, ON, Canada N6A 5N1. E-mail: pfrewen@ 123456uwo.ca .
                Article
                nss032
                10.1093/scan/nss032
                3682439
                22403154
                b3c25da8-b8d3-4e3c-a5e4-3497e0dc303c
                © The Author (2012). Published by Oxford University Press. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 1 February 2012
                : 2 March 2012
                Page count
                Pages: 10
                Categories
                Original Articles

                Neurosciences
                self-referential processing,implicit social cognition,self-esteem
                Neurosciences
                self-referential processing, implicit social cognition, self-esteem

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