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      Risk Factors for Internet Gaming Disorder: Psychological Factors and Internet Gaming Characteristics

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          Abstract

          Background: Understanding the risk factors associated with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is important to predict and diagnose the condition. The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors that predict IGD based on psychological factors and Internet gaming characteristics; Methods: Online surveys were conducted between 26 November and 26 December 2014. There were 3568 Korean Internet game users among a total of 5003 respondents. We identified 481 IGD gamers and 3087 normal Internet gamers, based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria. Logistic regression analysis was applied to identify significant risk factors for IGD; Results: The following eight risk factors were found to be significantly associated with IGD: functional and dysfunctional impulsivity (odds ratio: 1.138), belief self-control (1.034), anxiety (1.086), pursuit of desired appetitive goals (1.105), money spent on gaming (1.005), weekday game time (1.081), offline community meeting attendance (2.060), and game community membership (1.393; p < 0.05 for all eight risk factors); Conclusions: These risk factors allow for the prediction and diagnosis of IGD. In the future, these risk factors could also be used to inform clinical services for IGD diagnosis and treatment.

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          Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology.

          Jon D. Elhai, Robert Dvorak, Jason Levine … (2017)
          Research literature on problematic smartphone use, or smartphone addiction, has proliferated. However, relationships with existing categories of psychopathology are not well defined. We discuss the concept of problematic smartphone use, including possible causal pathways to such use.
          Article 0 comments Cited 402 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            An international consensus for assessing internet gaming disorder using the new DSM-5 approach.

            Nancy M Petry, Florian Rehbein, Douglas A. Gentile … (2014)
            For the first time, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5) introduces non-substance addictions as psychiatric diagnoses. The aims of this paper are to (i) present the main controversies surrounding the decision to include internet gaming disorder, but not internet addiction more globally, as a non-substance addiction in the research appendix of the DSM-5, and (ii) discuss the meaning behind the DSM-5 criteria for internet gaming disorder. The paper also proposes a common method for assessing internet gaming disorder. Although the need for common diagnostic criteria is not debated, the existence of multiple instruments reflect the divergence of opinions in the field regarding how best to diagnose this condition. We convened international experts from European, North and South American, Asian and Australasian countries to discuss and achieve consensus about assessing internet gaming disorder as defined within DSM-5. We describe the intended meaning behind each of the nine DSM-5 criteria for internet gaming disorder and present a single item that best reflects each criterion, translated into the 10 main languages of countries in which research on this condition has been conducted. Using results from this cross-cultural collaboration, we outline important research directions for understanding and assessing internet gaming disorder. As this field moves forward, it is critical that researchers and clinicians around the world begin to apply a common methodology; this report is the first to achieve an international consensus related to the assessment of internet gaming disorder. © 2014 Society for the Study of Addiction.
            Article 0 comments Cited 319 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Measuring nicotine dependence: A review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire

              Karl Fagerstrom, Nina G Schneider (1989)
              In the last decade, the importance of nicotine in maintaining smoking and in cessation difficulty has been acknowledged. Consequently, this has led to efforts to measure nicotine dependence. This paper focuses on a widely used, paper-and-pencil test of nicotine dependence--the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ). The findings indicate that the FTQ correlates with other proposed measures of nicotine dependence (carbon monoxide, nicotine, and cotinine levels). The connection between FTQ scores and withdrawal symptoms is weak. In clinic outcome trials, the FTQ predicted success where no pharmacologic treatment was involved, while nicotine replacement appeared to mask the relation between FTQ scores and outcome. However, the FTQ may predict outcome with nicotine replacement as a function of dose. In placebo-controlled, nicotine replacement trials, FTQ scores were related to success by treatment. Problems with the FTQ are described with focus on item difficulties and analyses of the scale.
              Article 0 comments Cited 215 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijerph
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 December 2017
                Publication date (Print): January 2018
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 40
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; rhomijung@ 123456gmail.com
                [2 ]Catholic Institute for Healthcare Management and Graduate School of Healthcare Management and Policy, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
                [3 ]Department of Industrial & Management Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea; hyelee@ 123456postech.ac.kr (H.L.); dlxorgh2@ 123456postech.ac.kr (T.-H.L.)
                [4 ]Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; sonap1@ 123456hanmail.net
                [5 ]Addiction Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; forever0851@ 123456naver.com
                [6 ]Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: kdj922@ 123456catholic.ac.kr (D.-J.K.); iychoi@ 123456catholic.ac.kr (I.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-2-2258-6086 (D.-J.K.); +82-2-2258-7870 (I.Y.C.)
                [†]

                Both authors contributed equally to this work.

                [‡]

                Both corresponding authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-0122
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4256-5689
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-15-00040
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010040
                PMC ID: 5800139
                PubMed ID: 29280953
                SO-VID: b3d5000c-df24-4ea9-a973-6941e2430762
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 18 October 2017
                Date accepted : 19 December 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: internet gaming disorder,dickman impulsivity inventory-short version (dii),brief self-control scale (bscs),symptom checklist-90-revised (scl-90-r),behavioral inhibition system/behavioral activation system (bis/bas),diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (dsm-5)
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: internet gaming disorder, dickman impulsivity inventory-short version (dii), brief self-control scale (bscs), symptom checklist-90-revised (scl-90-r), behavioral inhibition system/behavioral activation system (bis/bas), diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (dsm-5)

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