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      Catalytic Production of Jet Fuels from Biomass

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          Abstract

          Concerns about depleting fossil fuels and global warming effects are pushing our society to search for new renewable sources of energy with the potential to substitute coal, natural gas, and petroleum. In this sense, biomass, the only renewable source of carbon available on Earth, is the perfect replacement for petroleum in producing renewable fuels. The aviation sector is responsible for a significant fraction of greenhouse gas emissions, and two billion barrels of petroleum are being consumed annually to produce the jet fuels required to transport people and goods around the world. Governments are pushing directives to replace fossil fuel-derived jet fuels with those derived from biomass. The present mini review is aimed to summarize the main technologies available today for converting biomass into liquid hydrocarbon fuels with a molecular weight and structure suitable for being used as aviation fuels. Particular emphasis will be placed on those routes involving heterogeneous catalysts.

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          Non-fermentative pathways for synthesis of branched-chain higher alcohols as biofuels.

          Shota Atsumi, Taizo Hanai, James Liao (2008)
          Global energy and environmental problems have stimulated increased efforts towards synthesizing biofuels from renewable resources. Compared to the traditional biofuel, ethanol, higher alcohols offer advantages as gasoline substitutes because of their higher energy density and lower hygroscopicity. In addition, branched-chain alcohols have higher octane numbers compared with their straight-chain counterparts. However, these alcohols cannot be synthesized economically using native organisms. Here we present a metabolic engineering approach using Escherichia coli to produce higher alcohols including isobutanol, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-phenylethanol from glucose, a renewable carbon source. This strategy uses the host's highly active amino acid biosynthetic pathway and diverts its 2-keto acid intermediates for alcohol synthesis. In particular, we have achieved high-yield, high-specificity production of isobutanol from glucose. The strategy enables the exploration of biofuels beyond those naturally accumulated to high quantities in microbial fermentation.
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            Production of liquid alkanes by aqueous-phase processing of biomass-derived carbohydrates.

            George Huber, Juben Chheda, Christopher Barrett … (2005)
            Liquid alkanes with the number of carbon atoms ranging from C7 to C15 were selectively produced from biomass-derived carbohydrates by acid-catalyzed dehydration, which was followed by aldol condensation over solid base catalysts to form large organic compounds. These molecules were then converted into alkanes by dehydration/hydrogenation over bifunctional catalysts that contained acid and metal sites in a four-phase reactor, in which the aqueous organic reactant becomes more hydrophobic and a hexadecane alkane stream removes hydrophobic species from the catalyst before they go on further to form coke. These liquid alkanes are of the appropriate molecular weight to be used as transportation fuel components, and they contain 90% of the energy of the carbohydrate and H2 feeds.
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              Integrated catalytic conversion of gamma-valerolactone to liquid alkenes for transportation fuels.

              Jesse Q. Bond, David Alonso, Dong Wang … (2010)
              Efficient synthesis of renewable fuels remains a challenging and important line of research. We report a strategy by which aqueous solutions of gamma-valerolactone (GVL), produced from biomass-derived carbohydrates, can be converted to liquid alkenes in the molecular weight range appropriate for transportation fuels by an integrated catalytic system that does not require an external source of hydrogen. The GVL feed undergoes decarboxylation at elevated pressures (e.g., 36 bar) over a silica/alumina catalyst to produce a gas stream composed of equimolar amounts of butene and carbon dioxide. This stream is fed directly to an oligomerization reactor containing an acid catalyst (e.g., H ZSM-5, Amberlyst-70), which couples butene monomers to form condensable alkenes with molecular weights that can be targeted for gasoline and/or jet fuel applications. The effluent gaseous stream of CO2 at elevated pressure can potentially be captured and then treated or sequestered to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from the process.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Rafael Luque: Role: Academic Editor
                Luís Adriano Santos Do Nascimento: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 February 2020
                Publication date Collection: February 2020
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: 802
                Affiliations
                Materials and Sustainability Group, Department of Engineering, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Avda. de las Universidades s/n, 41704 Dos Hermanas, Seville, Spain; madiaz@ 123456uloyola.es
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: jcserrano@ 123456uloyola.es ; Tel.: +34-955-641-600 (ext. 2579)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0534-9872
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9078-7390
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-25-00802
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040802
                PMC ID: 7071043
                PubMed ID: 32059552
                SO-VID: b3e438dc-56b2-42d2-9f1b-0b6b58d2f0c0
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 15 January 2020
                Date accepted : 11 February 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: jet fuels,biomass,hydrocarbon fuels,heterogeneous catalysis,alcohols to fuels
                Data availability:
                Keywords: jet fuels, biomass, hydrocarbon fuels, heterogeneous catalysis, alcohols to fuels

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