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      Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology

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          This chapter discusses the clinical biochemistry and hematology of the rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus), guinea pig ( Cavia porcellus), hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus), and other rodents, including the gerbil ( Meriones unguiculatus), chinchilla ( Chinchilla laniger), degu ( Octodon degus), deer mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus), dormouse ( Gliridae family), kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys spp.), cotton rat ( Sigmodon hispidus), and sand rat ( Psammomys obesus). The chapter begins with a review of sample collection and preparation, and a description of commonly measured parameters and analytical techniques. The reference values, sources of variation, and unique characteristics are then presented for each species, as available. Many variables affect the parameters of clinical biochemistry and hematology including methods of sample collection and preparation, equipment, reagents, and methods of analysis, as well as the age, sex, breed, and environment of the animals being sampled. Values obtained from a clinical case are usually compared with reference values that are either produced in the same laboratory or in a similar group of animals, or cited in the literature. Optimal sites for blood collection vary between laboratory animals and are described in this chapter for each species for which information is available. Total blood volume of the rabbit is discussed in the Hematology section of the chapter. The rabbit is recognized as a valuable model for human disturbances in lipid metabolism, such as the metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolemia leading to atherosclerosis. Hematology is the study of blood and blood-forming organs, including the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases of the blood, bone marrow, and immunologic, hemostatic, and vascular systems. Hematologic analysis is often used for the diagnosis and treatment of animal diseases.

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          Evolution of a gene. Multiple genes for LDH isozymes provide a model of the evolution of gene structure, function and regulation.

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            A refined method for sequential blood sampling by tail incision in rats.

            Levels of endogenous or administered substances can be estimated by blood sampling. This allows an evaluation of the relationship between clinical signs, physiological parameters, pharmacological treatments and behaviour of the animal. We show that blood samples can be taken occasionally as well as sequentially by means of a small incision at the end of the rats' tails. Up to 300 microl of blood can be collected within 90 s. The advantages of this method are: (i) anaesthesia and surgery or restraint of the animal are not necessary; (ii) the procedure can be considered stress-free as indicated by the low, basal levels of the stress hormone corticosterone, even with frequent sequential blood sampling over 3 h; and (iii) it can be used for longitudinal studies allowing intra-individual comparisons over months and even years. Blood samples collected via an intravenous catheter and, at the same time, by our tail incision method resulted in comparable amounts of corticosterone. Moreover, we consider the tail incision method for rats to be 'animal-friendly' and a real alternative to other conventionally used blood sampling techniques.
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              Saphenous vein puncture for blood sampling of the mouse, rat, hamster, gerbil, guinea pig, ferret and mink.

              A method is described for blood collection from the lateral saphenous vein. This enables rapid sampling, which if necessary can be repeated from the same site without a need for new puncture wounds. The method is a humane and practical alternative to cardiac and retro-orbital puncture, in species where venepuncture has traditionally been regarded as problematic.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents
                The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents
                16 December 2011
                2012
                16 December 2011
                : 57-116
                Affiliations
                University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
                Article
                B978-0-12-380920-9.00003-1
                10.1016/B978-0-12-380920-9.00003-1
                7150282
                b3e83bff-b8b3-4265-8c19-3ca064abac0e
                Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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                clinical biochemistry,hematology,methods,reference values,rabbit,guinea pig,hamster,other rodents

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