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      Extraction and antioxidant activity of sericin, a protein from silk Translated title: Extração e atividade antioxidante da sericina, uma proteína da seda

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          Abstract

          Abstract Sericin is a globular protein that represents 20% to 30% of the silk fiber from Bombyx mori silkworm cocoon. This protein is usually removed from the raw fiber and discarded by silk producers, a process known as degumming. However, sericin possesses significant biological properties that allows its application in various fields. The antioxidant activity is one of its most relevant benefits. Several authors have reported its anti-tyrosinase activity, lipid peroxidation inhibition and free radical neutralization. The antioxidant potential of sericin protein varies according to the extraction method used. Even though a wide variety of extraction techniques have been studied, simple technics including water at high temperature have exhibited efficient results. Furthermore, this method does not interfere with the safety of sericin for subsequent applications in food.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo A sericina é uma proteína globular que representa entre 20% e 30% da fibra do bicho-da-seda Bombyx mori. Tem propriedades biológicas importantes, que permitem sua aplicação em vários campos, entre os quais se destaca a atividade antioxidante. Vários autores têm apontado que possui atividade anti-tirosinase, inibe a peroxidação lipídica e neutraliza os radicais livres nocivos ao corpo humano. A atividade antioxidante da sericina varia conforme o método de extração, conhecido como processo de desgomagem, e as condições de ensaio. Existem diferentes metodologias para este processo, algumas mais simples, que envolvem o uso de autoclave, e outras mais sofisticadas, como ultra e nanofiltração. A extração com água a temperaturas elevadas é eficiente e não interfere na inocuidade da sericina para aplicações subsequentes em alimentos.

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          Most cited references63

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          The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review.

          This Review Article is focused on the action of the reactive oxygenated species in inducing oxidative injury of the lipid membrane components, as well as on the ability of antioxidants (of different structures and sources, and following different mechanisms of action) in fighting against oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is defined as an excessive production of reactive oxygenated species that cannot be counteracted by the action of antioxidants, but also as a perturbation of cell redox balance. Reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species are represented by superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl, alkoxyl and lipid peroxyl radicals, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Oxidative stress determines structure modifications and function modulation in nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Oxidative degradation of lipids yields malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal, but also isoprostanes, from unsaturated fatty acids. Protein damage may occur with thiol oxidation, carbonylation, side-chain oxidation, fragmentation, unfolding and misfolding, resulting activity loss. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine is an index of DNA damage. The involvement of the reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species in disease occurrence is described. The unbalance between the oxidant species and the antioxidant defense system may trigger specific factors responsible for oxidative damage in the cell: over-expression of oncogene genes, generation of mutagen compounds, promotion of atherogenic activity, senile plaque occurrence or inflammation. This leads to cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, kidney diseases. The concept of antioxidant is defined, along with a discussion of the existent classification criteria: enzymatic and non-enzymatic, preventative or repair-systems, endogenous and exogenous, primary and secondary, hydrosoluble and liposoluble, natural or synthetic. Primary antioxidants are mainly chain breakers, able to scavenge radical species by hydrogen donation. Secondary antioxidants are singlet oxygen quenchers, peroxide decomposers, metal chelators, oxidative enzyme inhibitors or UV radiation absorbers. The specific mechanism of action of the most important representatives of each antioxidant class (endogenous and exogenous) in preventing or inhibiting particular factors leading to oxidative injury in the cell, is then reviewed. Mutual influences, including synergistic effects are presented and discussed. Prooxidative influences likely to occur, as for instance in the presence of transition metal ions, are also reminded.
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            Silk sericin: A versatile material for tissue engineering and drug delivery.

            Sericin is an inexpensive glycoprotein obtained as a by-product in the silk industry. Its variable amino acid composition and diverse functional groups confer upon it attractive bioactive properties, which are particularly interesting for biomedical applications. Because of its antioxidant character, moisturizing ability, and mitogenic effect on mammalian cells, sericin is useful in cell culture and tissue engineering. Its positive effects on keratinocytes and fibroblasts have led to the development of sericin-based biomaterials for skin tissue repair, mainly as wound dressings. Additionally, sericin can be used for bone tissue engineering owing to its ability to induce nucleation of bone-like hydroxyapatite. Stable silk sericin biomaterials, such as films, sponges, and hydrogels, are prepared by cross-linking, ethanol precipitation, or blending with other polymers. Sericin may also be employed for drug delivery because its chemical reactivity and pH-responsiveness facilitate the fabrication of nano- and microparticles, hydrogels, and conjugated molecules, improving the bioactivity of drugs. Here, we summarized the recent advancements in the study of silk sericin for application in tissue engineering and drug delivery.
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              The Effect of Sericin from Various Extraction Methods on Cell Viability and Collagen Production

              Silk sericin (SS) can accelerate cell proliferation and attachment; however, SS can be extracted by various methods, which result in SS exhibiting different physical and biological properties. We found that SS produced from various extraction methods has different molecular weights, zeta potential, particle size and amino acid content. The MTT assay indicated that SS from all extraction methods had no toxicity to mouse fibroblast cells at concentrations up to 40 μg/mL after 24 h incubation, but SS obtained from some extraction methods can be toxic at higher concentrations. Heat-degraded SS was the least toxic to cells and activated the highest collagen production, while urea-extracted SS showed the lowest cell viability and collagen production. SS from urea extraction was severely harmful to cells at concentrations higher than 100 μg/mL. SS from all extraction methods could still promote collagen production in a concentration-dependent manner, even at high concentrations that are toxic to cells.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bjft
                Brazilian Journal of Food Technology
                Braz. J. Food Technol.
                Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos - ITAL (Campinas, SP, Brazil )
                1981-6723
                2020
                : 23
                : e2019058
                Affiliations
                [02] Medellín orgnameUniversidad Pontificia Bolivariana orgdiv1Facultad de Ingeniería Agroindustrial orgdiv2Grupo de Investigaciones Agroindustriales Colombia
                [01] Medellín orgnameUniversidad Pontificia Bolivariana Colombia
                Article
                S1981-67232020000100303 S1981-6723(20)02300000303
                10.1590/1981-6723.05819
                b3e9b2b0-44ed-4879-8707-c4625d1f82a8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 June 2019
                : 08 January 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 69, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Review Article

                Bombyx mori,Degumming,Biological properties,Food application,Oxidative stress,Tyrosinase activity,Lipid oxidation,Bombix mori,Desgomagem,Propriedades biológicas,Aplicação em alimentos,Estresse oxidativo,Atividade da tirosinase,Oxidação lipídica

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