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      Estudio de la calidad bacteriológica y parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua del Distrito de Riego 023 Translated title: Study of the bacteriological quality and physiochemical parameters of water from the Irrigation District 023

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          Abstract

          Resumen San Juan del Río, Querétaro (México), es una de las regiones industriales más importantes del estado, lo que ha llevado a un gran desarrollo demográfico y el incremento en la demanda de recursos para satisfacer las necesidades de la población creciente, sobre todo en los recursos hídricos, como es el caso del Distrito de Riego 023 (DR 023), en el cual, 11 048 ha son destinadas a la producción de cultivos de importancia agrícola. Sin embargo, el problema que se presenta es que con el crecimiento demográfico de los últimos años, las áreas urbanas se han desarrollado cerca de la red de canales, lo que lleva consigo a la descarga de aguas negras a la red de distribución. En este trabajo se examinaron las concentraciones de bacterias coliformes fecales en el agua de 53 puntos del DR 023 en abril de 2015, así como las condiciones fisicoquímicas. Además, se compararon los niveles de coliformes fecales obtenidos con los permitidos por la Ley Federal de Derechos y Disposiciones Aplicables en Materia de Aguas Nacionales 2015 y la NOM-001-Semarnat-1996. Se encontró que la mayoría de los puntos en los que se obtuvo muestra presentaron niveles altos de coliformes fecales y condiciones fisicoquímicas no ideales para su uso en el riego de cultivos. Estos resultados denotan la necesidad de un monitoreo constante de los cuerpos de agua destinados a la agricultura en la región, ya que los microorganismos indicadores fecales indican la potencial presencia de patógenos en el agua.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract San Juan del Río, Querétaro (Mexico), is one of the most important industrial regions of the state, which has led to a great demographic development and the increase in the demand of resources to meet the needs of the growing population, especially in water resources, such as the Irrigation District 023 (DR 023), in which 11 048 ha are destined to the production of crops of agricultural importance. However, with population growth of recent years, urban areas have developed near the canal network, which carries the wastewater discharge to the distribution network. In this work the concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria in the water of 53 points of the DR 023 in April 2015, and the physicochemical conditions were examined. Also, fecal coliform obtained levels were compared with those permitted by the Federal Law of Rights and Applicable Disposition on Matters of National Waters 2015 and NOM-001-Semarnat-1996. We found that most of the points on which sample was obtained, showed high levels of fecal coliform and physicochemical conditions not appropriate for use in irrigation. These results indicate the need for constant monitoring of water bodies for agriculture in the region, as fecal indicator organisms indicate the potential presence of pathogens in the water.

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          Most cited references34

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          Water Microbiology. Bacterial Pathogens and Water

          Water is essential to life, but many people do not have access to clean and safe drinking water and many die of waterborne bacterial infections. In this review a general characterization of the most important bacterial diseases transmitted through water—cholera, typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery—is presented, focusing on the biology and ecology of the causal agents and on the diseases’ characteristics and their life cycles in the environment. The importance of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and emerging pathogens in drinking water-transmitted diseases is also briefly discussed. Microbiological water analysis is mainly based on the concept of fecal indicator bacteria. The main bacteria present in human and animal feces (focusing on their behavior in their hosts and in the environment) and the most important fecal indicator bacteria are presented and discussed (focusing on the advantages and limitations of their use as markers). Important sources of bacterial fecal pollution of environmental waters are also briefly indicated. In the last topic it is discussed which indicators of fecal pollution should be used in current drinking water microbiological analysis. It was concluded that safe drinking water for all is one of the major challenges of the 21st century and that microbiological control of drinking water should be the norm everywhere. Routine basic microbiological analysis of drinking water should be carried out by assaying the presence of Escherichia coli by culture methods. Whenever financial resources are available, fecal coliform determinations should be complemented with the quantification of enterococci. More studies are needed in order to check if ammonia is reliable for a preliminary screening for emergency fecal pollution outbreaks. Financial resources should be devoted to a better understanding of the ecology and behavior of human and animal fecal bacteria in environmental waters.
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            Survival of enteric bacteria in seawater.

            Enteric bacteria exposed to the marine environment simultaneously encounter a variety of abiotic and biotic challenges. Among the former, light appears to be critical in affecting seawater survival; previous growth history plays a major part in preadaptation of the cells, and stationary phase cells are generally more resistant than exponentially growing ones. Predation, mostly by protozoa, is probably the most significant biotic factor. Using Escherichia coli as a model, a surprisingly small number of genes was found that, when mutated, significantly affect seawater sensitivity of this bacterium. Most prominent among those is rpoS, which was also dominant among genes induced upon transfer to seawater.
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              Sunlight and the survival of enteric bacteria in natural waters.

              Escherichia coli and some salmonellas were exposed in seawater and freshwater to natural sunlight, visible light of comparable intensity, and light containing a similar proportion of u.v. as natural sunlight but of a much lower intensity. Direct viable bacterial counts and culturable counts on selective and non-selective media were made at intervals. The rate of decrease in numbers of culturable bacteria was significantly faster in seawater than in freshwater when exposed to natural sunlight. No significant difference was found between the rates of decrease in numbers of culturable bacteria in seawater and those in freshwater when bacteria were exposed to light with a small u.v. component of similar intensity. The effect of salinity no loss of culturability is, therefore, more significant in the presence of u.v. radiation. Direct counts by the acridine orange direct viable count method decreased much more slowly than the culturable counts in seawater but comparably with culturable counts in freshwater in natural sunlight. Direct viable counts and culturable counts decreased at a similar rate in seawater and in freshwater in visible light. This may signify the evolution of enteric bacteria towards a viable but non-culturable form in seawater when exposed to natural sunlight. The presence of humic acids significantly reduced loss of culturability but only in low salinity conditions. Salinity appears to be an important factor influencing culturability in bacteria exposed to sunlight.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                tca
                Tecnología y ciencias del agua
                Tecnol. cienc. agua
                Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, Coordinación de Comunicación, Participación e Información (Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico )
                2007-2422
                February 2018
                : 9
                : 1
                : 53-67
                Affiliations
                [3] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Querétaro Mexico vgarcia10@ 123456alumnos.uaq.mx
                [4] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Querétaro Mexico chagcarlos@ 123456uaq.mx
                [1] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Querétaro Mexico nmorales17@ 123456alumnos.uaq.mx
                [2] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Querétaro Mexico edelatorre05@ 123456alumnos.uaq.mx
                Article
                S2007-24222018000100053 S2007-2422(18)00900100053
                10.24850/j-tyca-2018-01-04
                b3f474fa-2d13-40d5-9fef-610d5c93b3dc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 July 2016
                : 01 August 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos

                coliformes fecales,bacteriological quality,contaminación del agua,calidad bacteriológica,Water contamination,fecal coliform

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