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      Taking the strain: social identity, social support, and the experience of stress.

      The British journal of social psychology / the British Psychological Society
      Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Depression, epidemiology, Family, psychology, Humans, Job Satisfaction, Male, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Questionnaires, Social Environment, Social Identification, Social Support, Stress, Psychological

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          Abstract

          The social identity/self-categorization model of stress suggests that social identity can play a role in protecting group members from adverse reactions to strain because it provides a basis for group members to receive and benefit from social support. To examine this model, two studies were conducted with groups exposed to extreme levels of strain: patients recovering from heart surgery (Study 1), bomb disposal officers and bar staff (Study 2). Consistent with predictions, in both studies there was a strong positive correlation between social identification and both social support and life/job satisfaction and a strong negative correlation between social identification and stress. In both studies path analysis also indicated that social support was a significant mediator of the relationship between (a) social identification and stress and (b) social identification and life/job satisfaction. In addition, Study 2 revealed that group membership plays a significant role in perceptions of how stressful different types of work are. Implications for the conceptualization of stress and social support are discussed.

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          Most cited references22

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          Self and Collective: Cognition and Social Context

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            Perceived Intragroup Variability as a Function of Group Status and Identification

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              Identity and emergency intervention: how social group membership and inclusiveness of group boundaries shape helping behavior.

              Two experiments exploring the effects of social category membership on real-life helping behavior are reported. In Study 1, intergroup rivalries between soccer fans are used to examine the role of identity in emergency helping. An injured stranger wearing an in-group team shirt is more likely to be helped than when wearing a rival team shirt or an unbranded sports shirt. In Study 2, a more inclusive social categorization is made salient for potential helpers. Helping is extended to those who were previously identified as out-group members but not to those who do not display signs of group membership. Taken together, the studies show the importance of both shared identity between bystander and victim and the inclusiveness of salient identity for increasing the likelihood of emergency intervention.
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