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      Factors associated with enteral nutrition and the incidence of gastrointestinal disorders in a cohort of critically ill adults Translated title: Factores asociados con la nutrición enteral y la incidencia de trastornos gastrointestinales en una cohorte de enfermos críticos adultos

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: adults in intensive care commonly receive enteral nutrition (EN). Data describing the conditions associated with EN in critically ill patients are limited. Objective: to describe the incidence of gastrointestinal disorders and to identify conditions associated with the use of EN. Methods: a prospective cohort, single-center study of critically ill adults. The patients were followed daily for the first 10 days of hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) or until ICU discharge or death. Clinical, nutritional variables and gastrointestinal disorders were compared between patients who did and did not receive EN. Univariate and multivariate regression identified the conditions associated with EN with the proposed variables. Results: of the 157 included adults, 62 % received EN. The EN group had higher APACHE II (23.6 ± 7.6 vs. 15 ± 7.2, p < 0.001) and SOFA scores on the day of ICU admission [7 (-.) vs. 4 (-); p < 0.001], and higher ICU mortality (32 % vs. 10 %, p = 0.002). Diarrhea and need for gastric decompression were more frequent in the EN group (39.7 % vs. 11.7 %, p < 0.001 and 34 % vs. 13.3 %, p = 0.004, respectively). The multivariate analysis showed that neurological deficit (OR: 16.7 [95 % CI: 5.9-46.9]; p < 0.001), previous enteral tube feeding (OR: 45.1 [95 % CI: 5.3-380]; p < 0.001), and SOFA score on the day of ICU admission (OR: 1.2 [95 % CI: 1.01-1.3]; p = 0.03) were associated with EN. Conclusions: conditions related to the severity of critically ill patients, such as higher SOFA scores, greater neurological deficit, and prior enteral tube feeding, were more commonly associated with EN. Diarrhea and need for gastric decompression were more frequent in patients who received EN.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: los adultos en cuidados intensivos comúnmente reciben nutrición enteral (NE). Los datos que describen las condiciones asociadas con la NE en pacientes críticos son limitados. Objetivo: describir la incidencia de trastornos gastrointestinales e identificar las condiciones asociadas con el uso de la NE. Métodos: estudio prospectivo de cohortes en un solo centro, de adultos en estado crítico. Se monitoreó a los pacientes diariamente en los primeros 10 días de hospitalización en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) o hasta el alta o la muerte en la UCI. Se compararon las variables y los trastornos gastrointestinales entre los pacientes que recibieron y no recibieron NE. La regresión univariada y multivariada identificó las condiciones asociadas con la NE con las variables propuestas. Resultados: de los 157 adultos incluidos, el 62 % recibieron NE. El grupo con NE tuvo puntuaciones APACHE II (23,6 ± 7,6 frente a 15 ± 7,2; p < 0,001) y SOFA más altas en el día de la admisión en la UCI [7 (-,) frente a 4 (-); p < 0,001] y mayor mortalidad en la UCI (32 % vs. 10 %, p = 0,002). La diarrea y la necesidad de descompresión gástrica fueron más frecuentes en el grupo con NE (39,7 % vs. 11,7 %; p < 0,001 y 34 % vs. 13,3 %, p = 0,004, respectivamente). El análisis multivariado mostró que el déficit neurológico (OR: 16,7 [IC 95 %: 5,9-46,9]; p < 0,001), la alimentación anterior por sonda enteral (OR: 45,1 [IC 95 %: 5,3-380]; p < 0,001) y la puntuación SOFA en el día de la admisión en la UCI (OR: 1,2 [IC 95 %: 1,01-1,3]; p = 0,03) presentaban asociación con la NE. Conclusión: las condiciones relacionadas con la gravedad de los pacientes críticos, como las puntuaciones SOFA más altas, el mayor déficit neurológico y la alimentación anterior por sonda enteral, se asociaron más con la NE. La diarrea y la necesidad de descompresión gástrica fueron más frecuentes en los pacientes que recibieron NE.

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          Gastrointestinal function in intensive care patients: terminology, definitions and management. Recommendations of the ESICM Working Group on Abdominal Problems

          Purpose Acute gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction and failure have been increasingly recognized in critically ill patients. The variety of definitions proposed in the past has led to confusion and difficulty in comparing one study to another. An international working group convened to standardize the definitions for acute GI failure and GI symptoms and to review the therapeutic options. Methods The Working Group on Abdominal Problems (WGAP) of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) developed the definitions for GI dysfunction in intensive care patients on the basis of the available evidence and current understanding of the pathophysiology. Results Definitions for acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) with its four grades of severity, as well as for feeding intolerance syndrome and GI symptoms (e.g. vomiting, diarrhoea, paralysis, high gastric residual volumes) are proposed. AGI is a malfunctioning of the GI tract in intensive care patients due to their acute illness. AGI grade I = increased risk of developing GI dysfunction or failure (a self-limiting condition); AGI grade II = GI dysfunction (a condition that requires interventions); AGI grade III = GI failure (GI function cannot be restored with interventions); AGI grade IV = dramatically manifesting GI failure (a condition that is immediately life-threatening). Current evidence and expert opinions regarding treatment of acute GI dysfunction are provided. Conclusions State-of-the-art definitions for GI dysfunction with gradation as well as management recommendations are proposed on the basis of current medical evidence and expert opinion. The WGAP recommends using these definitions for clinical and research purposes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00134-011-2459-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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            Gastrointestinal symptoms during the first week of intensive care are associated with poor outcome: a prospective multicentre study

            Purpose The study aimed to develop a gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction score predicting 28-day mortality for adult patients needing mechanical ventilation (MV). Methods 377 adult patients from 40 ICUs with expected duration of MV for at least 6 h were prospectively studied. Predefined GI symptoms, intra-abdominal pressures (IAP), feeding details, organ dysfunction and treatment were documented on days 1, 2, 4 and 7. Results The number of simultaneous GI symptoms was higher in nonsurvivors on each day. Absent bowel sounds and GI bleeding were the symptoms most significantly associated with mortality. None of the GI symptoms alone was an independent predictor of mortality, but gastrointestinal failure (GIF)—defined as three or more GI symptoms—on day 1 in ICU was independently associated with a threefold increased risk of mortality. During the first week in ICU, GIF occurred in 24 patients (6.4 %) and was associated with higher 28-day mortality (62.5 vs. 28.9 %, P = 0.001). Adding the created subscore for GI dysfunction (based on the number of GI symptoms) to SOFA score did not improve mortality prediction (day 1 AUROC 0.706 [95 % CI 0.647–0.766] versus 0.703 [95 % CI 0.643–0.762] in SOFA score alone). Conclusions An increasing number of GI symptoms independently predicts 28 day mortality with moderate accuracy. However, it was not possible to develop a GI dysfunction score, improving the performance of the SOFA score either due to data set limitations, definition problems, or possibly indicating that GI dysfunction is often secondary and not the primary cause of other organ failure.
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              Early enteral nutrition and outcomes of critically ill patients treated with vasopressors and mechanical ventilation.

              To determine the effect of early enteral feeding on the outcome of critically ill medical patients whose hemodynamic condition is unstable. Prospectively collected data in a multi-institutional medical intensive care unit database were analyzed retrospectively. A total of 1174 patients were identified who required mechanical ventilation for more than 2 days and were treated with vasopressor agents to support blood pressure. The patients were divided into 2 groups: those who received enteral nutrition (n = 707) within 48 hours of the start of mechanical ventilation, termed the early enteral nutrition group, and those who did not (n = 467), termed the late enteral nutrition group. The primary end points were overall intensive care unit and hospital mortality. Subgroup analyses were used to evaluate potential confounding variables. The data were also analyzed after adjustments for confounding by matching for propensity score. Intensive care unit and hospital mortality were lower in the early enteral nutrition group than in the late enteral group: 22.5% vs 28.3%; P = 03; and 34.0% vs 44.0%; P < .001, respectively. The beneficial effect of early feeding was more evident in the sickest patients, that is, those treated with multiple vasopressors (odds ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.85) and those without early improvement (odds ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.39-0.90). When adjustments were made for confounding by matching for propensity score, early feeding was associated with decreased hospital mortality. Early enteral nutrition may be associated with reduced intensive care unit and hospital mortality in patients whose hemodynamic condition is unstable.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                June 2021
                : 38
                : 3
                : 429-435
                Affiliations
                [2] Porto Alegre RS orgnameHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre orgdiv1Nutrology Department Brazil
                [1] Porto Alegre RS orgnameHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre orgdiv1Intensive Care Unit Brazil
                [3] Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul orgdiv1Nursing School Brazil
                Article
                S0212-16112021000300429 S0212-1611(21)03800300429
                10.20960/nh.03245
                b42b548b-701a-4dba-b35e-dcd8a15080e9

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 06 December 2020
                : 08 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Cuidados críticos,Nutrición enteral,Motilidad gastrointestinal,Intubación gastrointestinal,Factores de riesgo,Complicaciones,Critical care,Enteral nutrition,Gastrointestinal motility,Gastrointestinal intubation,Risk factors,Complications

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