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      Ceramic Composite Materials Obtained by Electron-Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Used as Thermal Barriers in the Aerospace Industry

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          Abstract

          This paper is focused on the basic properties of ceramic composite materials used as thermal barrier coatings in the aerospace industry like SiC, ZrC, ZrB 2 etc., and summarizes some principal properties for thermal barrier coatings. Although the aerospace industry is mainly based on metallic materials, a more attractive approach is represented by ceramic materials that are often more resistant to corrosion, oxidation and wear having at the same time suitable thermal properties. It is known that the space environment presents extreme conditions that challenge aerospace scientists, but simultaneously, presents opportunities to produce materials that behave almost ideally in this environment. Used even today, metal-matrix composites (MMCs) have been developed since the beginning of the space era due to their high specific stiffness and low thermal expansion coefficient. These types of composites possess properties such as high-temperature resistance and high strength, and those potential benefits led to the use of MMCs for supreme space system requirements in the late 1980s. Electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) is the technology that helps to obtain the composite materials that ultimately have optimal properties for the space environment, and ceramics that broadly meet the requirements for the space industry can be silicon carbide that has been developed as a standard material very quickly, possessing many advantages. One of the most promising ceramics for ultrahigh temperature applications could be zirconium carbide (ZrC) because of its remarkable properties and the competence to form unwilling oxide scales at high temperatures, but at the same time it is known that no material can have all the ideal properties. Another promising material in coating for components used for ultra-high temperature applications as thermal protection systems is zirconium diboride (ZrB 2), due to its high melting point, high thermal conductivities, and relatively low density. Some composite ceramic materials like carbon–carbon fiber reinforced SiC, SiC-SiC, ZrC-SiC, ZrB 2-SiC, etc., possessing low thermal conductivities have been used as thermal barrier coating (TBC) materials to increase turbine inlet temperatures since the 1960s. With increasing engine efficiency, they can reduce metal surface temperatures and prolong the lifetime of the hot sections of aero-engines and land-based turbines.

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          Metal matrix composites – From science to technological significance

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            Processing and Properties of High-Entropy Ultra-High Temperature Carbides

            Bulk equiatomic (Hf-Ta-Zr-Ti)C and (Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb)C high entropy Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic (UHTC) carbide compositions were fabricated by ball milling and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). It was found that the lattice parameter mismatch of the component monocarbides is a key factor for predicting single phase solid solution formation. The processing route was further optimised for the (Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb)C composition to produce a high purity, single phase, homogeneous, bulk high entropy material (99% density); revealing a vast new compositional space for the exploration of new UHTCs. One sample was observed to chemically decompose; indicating the presence of a miscibility gap. While this suggests the system is not thermodynamically stable to room temperature, it does reveal further potential for the development of new in situ formed UHTC nanocomposites. The optimised material was subjected to nanoindentation testing and directly compared to the constituent mono/binary carbides, revealing a significantly enhanced hardness (36.1 ± 1.6 GPa,) compared to the hardest monocarbide (HfC, 31.5 ± 1.3 GPa) and the binary (Hf-Ta)C (32.9 ± 1.8 GPa).
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              Advanced structural ceramics in aerospace propulsion.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nanomaterials (Basel)
                Nanomaterials (Basel)
                nanomaterials
                Nanomaterials
                MDPI
                2079-4991
                20 February 2020
                February 2020
                : 10
                : 2
                : 370
                Affiliations
                [1 ]National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 010164 Bucharest, Romania; alexandra.birca@ 123456upb.ro (A.C.B.); ionela.neacsu@ 123456upb.ro (I.A.N.);
                [2 ]Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 010164 Bucharest, Romania
                [3 ]National Research Centre for Food Safety, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 010164 Bucharest, Romania
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: bogdan.vasile@ 123456upb.ro ; Tel.: +40-727-589-960
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2267-6453
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4207-5380
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4133-7377
                Article
                nanomaterials-10-00370
                10.3390/nano10020370
                7075340
                32093247
                b4467d3f-73e7-4e0f-9f65-e913e8be5a7b
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 20 January 2020
                : 17 February 2020
                Categories
                Review

                thermal protection systems,ultrahigh temperature applications,eb-pvd

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