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      Platycoside O, a New Triterpenoid Saponin from the Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum

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          Abstract

          A new unusual minor triterpenoid saponin, platycoside O ( 1), was isolated from the 75% EtOH extract obtained from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, together with four known saponins: platycoside M-3 ( 2), platycoside J ( 3), platycoside F ( 4) and platycoside B ( 5). The structure of 1 was determined as 3- O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2β,3β,16α,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-24-methoxyl, 24-oxo-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical evidence.

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          Platycodin D is a potent adjuvant of specific cellular and humoral immune responses against recombinant hepatitis B antigen.

          Yong Xie, Hong-Xiang Sun, Duo Li (2009)
          The ideal adjuvants for hepatitis B vaccines should be capable of eliciting both strong humoral and cellular immune responses, especially Th1 cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. However, Alum used as adjuvants in the hepatitis B vaccines currently commercialized offers limitation in inducing cell-mediated response. Therefore, a less hemolytic saponin platycodin D (PD) from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum has been explored for its potential as an alternative adjuvant. In order to compare the adjuvant activity with Alum, antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated following immunization with a formulation containing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) adjuvanted with PD and Alum in mice. The Con A-, LPS-, and HBsAg-induced splenocyte proliferation and the serum HBsAg-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibody titers in the HBsAg-immunized mice were significantly enhanced by PD (P<0.05, P<0.01 or P<0.001). PD also significantly promoted the production of Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) and Th2 (IL-10) cytokines and up-regulated the mRNA expression of Th1 cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) in splenocytes from the mice immunized with HBsAg (P<0.001). Besides, PD remarkably increased the killing activities of natural killer (NK) cells and CTLs from splenocytes in the HBsAg-immunized mice (P<0.001), which may have important implications for vaccination against hepatitis B virus. The results indicated that PD has strong potential to increase both cellular and humoral immune responses and elicit a balanced Th1/Th2 response against HBsAg, and that PD may be the candidates as adjuvants for use in prophylactic and therapeutic hepatitis B vaccine.
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            Platycodin D induces apoptosis and decreases telomerase activity in human leukemia cells.

            Hyun-dong Shin, Y. Choi, Shi Kim … (2008)
            Platycodin D (PD) is a major constituent of triterpene saponins found in the root of Platycodon grandiflorum. Recent studies have demonstrated that PD is a potentially interesting candidate for use in cancer chemotherapy. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for PD-induced telomerase inhibition remain to be poorly known. In this study, we examined the effects of PD treatment on telomerase activity in different human leukemia cell lines. At concentrations between 10 and 20 microM, PD exerted a dose-dependent direct cytotoxic effect and inhibition of telomerase activity via downregulation of hTERT expression. Because c-Myc and Sp1 are known to directly regulate transcription of hTERT, we also evaluated the expression and DNA binding activity of these proteins. PD treatment reduced c-Myc and Sp1 protein levels and DNA binding activities in a dose-dependent manner. We also observed that PD treatment downregulates the activation of Akt, thereby reducing the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of hTERT. We conclude that PD has direct cytotoxic effect on human leukemia cells and suppresses telomerase activity through transcriptional and posttranslational suppression of hTERT.
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              Isolation of a new saponin and cytotoxic effect of saponins from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum on human tumor cell lines.

              T. J. Kim, M. S. Ryu, Hye Sun Lee … (2005)
              A novel triterpenoid saponin, deapioplatycoside E (1) was isolated from the root extract of Platycodon grandiflorum, together with the seven known saponins 2 - 8, i. e., platycoside E (2), deapioplatycodin D3 (3), platycodin D3 (4), polygalacin D2 (5), platycodin D2 (6), deapioplatycodin D (7) and platycodin D (8). The structure of the new saponin 1 was determined on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical evidence. The crude saponin fraction (ED50: ca. 10 - 15 microg/mL) and compounds 6 - 8 (ED50: ca. 4 - 18 microg/mL) exhibited significant inhibition on the proliferation of five kinds of cultured human tumor cell lines, i. e., A549 (non-small cell lung), SK-OV-3 (ovary), SK-MEL-2 (melanoma), XF498 (central nerve system) and HCT-15 (colon), in vitro.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 May 2011
                Publication date Collection: June 2011
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 4371-4378
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai 201203, China
                [2 ]Shanghai Clinical Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai 201203, China
                [3 ]Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
                [4 ]E-Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Internal Medicine in Shanghai University, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
                [5 ]Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330029, China
                [6 ]School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
                Author notes
                [* ] Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; Email: fuwenwei@ 123456yahoo.com (W.-W.F.); liuliver@ 123456vip.sina.com (P.L.); Tel.: +86-21-20256531; Fax: +86-21-20256521.
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-16-04371
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules16064371
                PMC ID: 6264764
                PubMed ID: 21617591
                SO-VID: b4526201-a788-4677-8317-409030b0fa2d
                Copyright © © 2011 by the authors;
                License:

                licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 25 March 2011
                Date revision received : 13 May 2011
                Date accepted : 18 May 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Communication

                Keywords: platycoside o,platycodon grandiflorum,triterpenoid saponin
                Data availability:
                Keywords: platycoside o, platycodon grandiflorum, triterpenoid saponin

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