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      The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in People with Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , , 2 , 1
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Neural Plasticity
      Publisher: Hindawi

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To determine the effect of aerobic exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in people with neurological disorders.

          Data Sources

          Six electronic databases (CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane, PsycINFO, SportDiscus, and Web of Science) were searched until the end of December 2016.

          Study Selection

          Experimental or observational studies of people with neurological disorders who undertook an exercise intervention with BDNF as an outcome measure. The search strategy yielded 984 articles.

          Data Extraction

          Study data were independently extracted from each article. Methodological quality of studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. A meta-analysis was planned based on the assessment of predetermined criteria.

          Data Synthesis

          Eleven articles were included. Studies employed either a program of aerobic exercise, a single bout of aerobic exercise, or both. A meta-analysis of studies comparing a program of aerobic exercise against usual care/nil therapy showed a large effect (SMD: 0.84, 95% CI 0.47–1.20, p < 0.001) in favour of aerobic exercise to increase levels of BDNF. Findings for a single bout of aerobic exercise were mixed. Quality of studies was low (PEDro average score 4.3/10).

          Conclusions

          A program of aerobic exercise may contribute to increased levels of BDNF in neurological populations.

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          Most cited references38

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          Chi-Square Tests for Goodness of Fit and Contingency Tables

          Jacob Cohen (1977)
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            Neuroplasticity - exercise-induced response of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a systematic review of experimental studies in human subjects.

            Kristel Knaepen, Maaike Goekint, Elsa Marie Heyman … (2010)
            Exercise is known to induce a cascade of molecular and cellular processes that support brain plasticity. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an essential neurotrophin that is also intimately connected with central and peripheral molecular processes of energy metabolism and homeostasis, and could play a crucial role in these induced mechanisms. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the effects of acute exercise and/or training on BDNF in healthy subjects and in persons with a chronic disease or disability. A systematic and critical literature search was conducted. Articles were considered for inclusion in the review if they were human studies, assessed peripheral (serum and/or plasma) BDNF and evaluated an acute exercise or training intervention. Nine RCTs, one randomized trial, five non-randomized controlled trials, five non-randomized non-controlled trials and four retrospective observational studies were analysed. Sixty-nine percent of the studies in healthy subjects and 86% of the studies in persons with a chronic disease or disability, showed a 'mostly transient' increase in serum or plasma BDNF concentration following an acute aerobic exercise. The two studies regarding a single acute strength exercise session could not show a significant influence on basal BDNF concentration. In studies regarding the effects of strength or aerobic training on BDNF, a difference should be made between effects on basal BDNF concentration and training-induced effects on the BDNF response following an acute exercise. Only three out of ten studies on aerobic or strength training (i.e. 30%) found a training-induced increase in basal BDNF concentration. Two out of six studies (i.e. 33%) reported a significantly higher BDNF response to acute exercise following an aerobic or strength training programme (i.e. compared with the BDNF response to an acute exercise at baseline). A few studies of low quality (i.e. retrospective observational studies) show that untrained or moderately trained healthy subjects have higher basal BDNF concentrations than highly trained subjects. Yet, strong evidence still has to come from good methodological studies. Available results suggest that acute aerobic, but not strength exercise increases basal peripheral BDNF concentrations, although the effect is transient. From a few studies we learn that circulating BDNF originates both from central and peripheral sources. We can only speculate which central regions and peripheral sources in particular circulating BDNF originates from, where it is transported to and to what purpose it is used and/or stored at its final destination. No study could show a long-lasting BDNF response to acute exercise or training (i.e. permanently increased basal peripheral BDNF concentration) in healthy subjects or persons with a chronic disease or disability. It seems that exercise and/or training temporarily elevate basal BDNF and possibly upregulate cellular processing of BDNF (i.e. synthesis, release, absorption and degradation). From that point of view, exercise and/or training would result in a higher BDNF synthesis following an acute exercise bout (i.e. compared with untrained subjects). Subsequently, more BDNF could be released into the blood circulation which may, in turn, be absorbed more efficiently by central and/or peripheral tissues where it could induce a cascade of neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects.
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              The impact of age, weight and gender on BDNF levels in human platelets and plasma.

              Marek Lommatzsch, Doerte Zingler, Katharina Schuhbaeck … (2005)
              Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a key mediator of neuronal plasticity in the adult. BDNF is known to be stored in human platelets and to circulate in plasma, but the regulation and function of BDNF in peripheral blood is still poorly understood. In this prospective study, we have examined 140 healthy, non-allergic adults (20-60 years old) to elucidate the impact of age and physical parameters on BDNF levels in human platelets and plasma. There was a wide concentration range of BDNF in serum (median: 22.6 ng/ml), platelets (median: 92.7 pg/10(6) platelets) and plasma (median: 92.5 pg/ml). BDNF levels in plasma decreased significantly with increasing age or weight, whereas platelet levels did not. When matched for weight, there were no significant gender differences regarding BDNF plasma levels. However, women displayed significantly lower platelet BDNF levels than men. In addition, platelet BDNF levels changed during the menstrual cycle. In conclusion, we demonstrate that parameters such as age or gender have a specific impact on stored and circulating BDNF levels in peripheral blood.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Christopher P. Mackay:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4986-5913
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neural Plast
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Neural Plast
                Journal ID (publisher-id): NP
                Title: Neural Plasticity
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 2090-5904
                ISSN (Electronic): 1687-5443
                Publication date (Print): 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 September 2017
                Volume: 2017
                Electronic Location Identifier: 4716197
                Affiliations
                1Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
                2Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiotherapy, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Preston E. Garraghty

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4986-5913
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6263-4223
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2017/4716197
                PMC ID: 5625797
                PubMed ID: 29057125
                SO-VID: b4d2d46e-3c99-4d54-a63a-7f120e867a64
                Copyright © Copyright © 2017 Christopher P. Mackay et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 9 May 2017
                Date accepted : 9 August 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences

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