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      Architectural Response of Wheat Cultivars to Row Spacing Reveals Altered Perception of Plant Density

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          Abstract

          Achieving novel improvements in crop management may require changing interrow distance in cultivated fields. Such changes would benefit from a better understanding of plant responses to the spatial heterogeneity in their environment. Our work investigates the architectural plasticity of wheat plants in response to increasing row spacing and evaluates the hypothesis of a foraging behavior in response to neighboring plants. A field experiment was conducted with five commercial winter wheat cultivars possessing unique architectures, grown under narrow (NI, 17.5 cm) or wide interrows (WI, 35 cm) at the same population density (170 seeds/m 2). We characterized the development (leaf emergence, tillering), the morphology (dimension of organs, leaf area index), and the geometry (ground cover, leaf angle, organ spreading, and orientation). All cultivars showed a lower number of emerged tillers in WI compared to NI, which was later partly compensated by lower tiller mortality. Besides, the upper leaf blades were larger in WI. Finally the leaf area index at flowering showed little difference between WI and NI treatments. The rate of leaf emergence and the final leaf number were higher in WI compared to NI, except for one cultivar. Around the start of stem elongation, pseudo-stems were more erect in WI, while around the time of flowering, stems were more inclined and leaves were more planophile. Cultivars differed in their degrees of responses, with one appearing to prospect more specifically within the interrow space in WI treatment. Altogether, our results suggest that altering interrow distance leads to changes in the perceived extent of competition by plants, with responses first mimicking the effect of a higher plant density and later the effect of a lower plant density. Only one cultivar showed responses that suggested a perception of the heterogeneity of the environment. These findings improve our understanding of plant responses to spatial heterogeneity and provide novel information to simulate light capture in plant 3D models, depending on cultivar behavior.

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          Most cited references45

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          Functional-structural plant modelling: a new versatile tool in crop science.

          Plants react to their environment and to management interventions by adjusting physiological functions and structure. Functional-structural plant models (FSPM), combine the representation of three-dimensional (3D) plant structure with selected physiological functions. An FSPM consists of an architectural part (plant structure) and a process part (plant functioning). The first deals with (i) the types of organs that are initiated and the way these are connected (topology), (ii) co-ordination in organ expansion dynamics, and (iii) geometrical variables (e.g. leaf angles, leaf curvature). The process part may include any physiological or physical process that affects plant growth and development (e.g. photosynthesis, carbon allocation). This paper addresses the following questions: (i) how are FSPM constructed, and (ii) for what purposes are they useful? Static, architectural models are distinguished from dynamic models. Static models are useful in order to study the significance of plant structure, such as light distribution in the canopy, gas exchange, remote sensing, pesticide spraying studies, and interactions between plants and biotic agents. Dynamic models serve quantitatively to integrate knowledge on plant functions and morphology as modulated by environment. Applications are in the domain of plant sciences, for example the study of plant plasticity as related to changes in the red:far red ratio of light in the canopy. With increasing availability of genetic information, FSPM will play a role in the assessment of the significance towards plant performance of variation in genetic traits across environments. In many crops, growers actively manipulate plant structure. FSPM is a promising tool to explore divergent management strategies.
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            Genetic gain in yield and associated changes in phenotype, trait plasticity and competitive ability of South Australian wheat varieties released between 1958 and 2007

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              Keeping up with the neighbours: phytochrome sensing and other signalling mechanisms.

              Plants 'forage' for light in plant canopies using a variety of photosensory systems. Far-red radiation (FR) reflected by neighbours is an early signal of competition that elicits anticipatory shade-avoidance responses. In Arabidopsis and cucumber, perception of reflected FR requires phytochrome B. Horizontal blue (B) light gradients also guide plant shoots to canopy gaps in patchy vegetation, and these B light signals are perceived by specific photoreceptors. When plants are shaded by neighbours they undergo extensive reprogramming of their morphological development. Although phytochromes and B light receptors are certainly involved in these responses to shading, other sensory systems probably play important roles in the field. Recent studies of plant-plant signalling are unveiling a paradigm of sensory diversity and sophistication, which has important implications for understanding the functioning of plant populations and communities.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Plant Sci
                Front Plant Sci
                Front. Plant Sci.
                Frontiers in Plant Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-462X
                07 August 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 999
                Affiliations
                [1] 1UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay , Thiverval-Grignon, France
                [2] 2ARVALIS – Institut du Végétal , Paris, France
                [3] 3UMR EMMAH, INRA , Avignon, France
                Author notes

                Edited by: Luis A. N. Aguirrezabal, National University of Mar del Plata, Argentina

                Reviewed by: Victor Oscar Sadras, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Australia; Youhong Song, Anhui Agricultural University, China

                *Correspondence: Bruno Andrieu, bruno.andrieu@ 123456inra.fr

                This article was submitted to Crop and Product Physiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

                Article
                10.3389/fpls.2019.00999
                6692534
                31447868
                b4e3bfa7-4c03-46e0-8a54-104043a392f2
                Copyright © 2019 Abichou, de Solan and Andrieu.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 13 December 2018
                : 17 July 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 53, Pages: 14, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 10.13039/501100006488
                Award ID: ARVALIS – Institut du végétal
                Award ID: National Research Agency
                Categories
                Plant Science
                Original Research

                Plant science & Botany
                row spacing effect,wheat,architectural response,tillering,stem angle,leaf angle,space prospection,plasticity

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