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      International consensus on terminology to be used in the field of echinococcoses Translated title: Consensus international sur la terminologie à utiliser dans le domaine des échinococcoses

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          Abstract

          Echinococcoses require the involvement of specialists from nearly all disciplines; standardization of the terminology used in the field is thus crucial. To harmonize echinococcosis terminology on sound scientific and linguistic grounds, the World Association of Echinococcosis launched a Formal Consensus process. Under the coordination of a Steering and Writing Group (SWG), a Consultation and Rating Group (CRG) had the main missions of (1) providing input on the list of terms drafted by the SWG, taking into account the available literature and the participants’ experience; and (2) providing independent rating on all debated terms submitted to vote. The mission of the Reading and Review Group (RRG) was to give an opinion about the recommendation paper in terms of readability, acceptability and applicability. The main achievements of this process were: (1) an update of the current nomenclature of Echinococcus spp.; (2) an agreement on three names of diseases due to Echinococcus spp.: Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE) and Neotropical Echinococcosis (NE), and the exclusion of all other names; (3) an agreement on the restricted use of the adjective “hydatid” to refer to the cyst and fluid due to E. granulosus sensu lato; and (4) an agreement on a standardized description of the surgical operations for CE, according to the “Approach, cyst Opening, Resection, and Completeness” (AORC) framework. In addition, 95 “approved” and 60 “rejected” terms were listed. The recommendations provided in this paper will be applicable to scientific publications in English and communication with professionals. They will be used for translation into other languages spoken in endemic countries.

          Translated abstract

          Les échinococcoses impliquent l’intervention de spécialistes de presque toutes les disciplines et une standardisation de la terminologie utilisée dans le domaine est donc cruciale. Pour harmoniser la terminologie des échinococcoses sur des bases scientifiques et linguistiques bien étayées, l’Association Mondiale de l’Échinococcose a entrepris un processus de « Consensus Formalisé ». Sous la coordination d’un Groupe de Pilotage et de Rédaction (GPR), un Groupe de Consultation et de Classement (GCC) a reçu les missions suivantes : (1) fournir un avis sur une liste de termes établie par le GPR, en prenant en compte les références scientifiques disponibles et l’expérience des participants ; (2) fournir un classement indépendant sur tous les termes débattus et soumis au vote. La mission du Groupe de Lecture et de Revue critique (GLR) était de donner un avis formel sur l’article de recommandations en termes de facilité de lecture, d’acceptabilité et d’applicabilité. Les principales avancées obtenues au terme de ce processus sont les suivantes: (1) une actualisation de la nomenclature actuelle des espèces d’ Echinococcus ; (2) un accord sur les noms des trois principales maladies humaines dues aux espèces d’ Echinococcus : l’échinococcose kystique (EK), l’échinococcose alvéolaire (EA) et l’échinococcose néotropicale (EN), à l’exclusion de toute autre dénomination ; (3) la restriction de l’usage de l’adjectif « hydatique » au kyste et au liquide/fluide produit par E. granulosus sensu lato ; et (4) une description standardisée des interventions chirurgicales pour l’EK, selon le système AORC (pour « Approche », « Ouverture », « Résection » et « Complétude »). De plus, 95 termes « approuvés » et 60 termes « rejetés » ont été listés. Les recommandations données dans cet article seront applicables aux publications scientifiques en anglais et à la communication avec les professionnels. Elles seront utilisées pour la traduction dans les autres langues parlées dans les zones d’endémie.

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          Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st Century

          SUMMARY Echinococcosis is a zoonosis caused by cestodes of the genus Echinococcus (family Taeniidae). This serious and near-cosmopolitan disease continues to be a significant public health issue, with western China being the area of highest endemicity for both the cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) forms of echinococcosis. Considerable advances have been made in the 21st century on the genetics, genomics, and molecular epidemiology of the causative parasites, on diagnostic tools, and on treatment techniques and control strategies, including the development and deployment of vaccines. In terms of surgery, new procedures have superseded traditional techniques, and total cystectomy in CE, ex vivo resection with autotransplantation in AE, and percutaneous and perendoscopic procedures in both diseases have improved treatment efficacy and the quality of life of patients. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, management, control, and prevention of CE and AE. Currently there is no alternative drug to albendazole to treat echinococcosis, and new compounds are required urgently. Recently acquired genomic and proteomic information can provide a platform for improving diagnosis and for finding new drug and vaccine targets, with direct impact in the future on the control of echinococcosis, which continues to be a global challenge.
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            Ecology and Life Cycle Patterns of Echinococcus Species.

            The genus Echinococcus is composed of eight generally recognized species and one genotypic cluster (Echinococcus canadensis cluster) that may in future be resolved into one to three species. For each species, we review existing information on transmission routes and life cycles in different geographical contexts and - where available - include basic biological information of parasites and hosts (e.g., susceptibility of host species). While some Echinococcus spp. are transmitted in life cycles that involve predominantly domestic animals (e.g., dog - livestock cycles), others are wildlife parasites that do or do not interact with domestic transmission. In many cases, life cycle patterns of the same parasite species differ according to geography. Simple life cycles contrast with transmission patterns that are highly complex, involving multihost systems that may include both domestic and wild mammals. Wildlife transmission may be primary or secondary, i.e., resulting from spillovers from domestic animals. For most of the species and regions, existing information does not yet permit a conclusive description of transmission systems. Such data, however, would be highly relevant, e.g., for anticipation of geographical changes of the presence and frequency of these parasites in a warming world, or for initiating evidence-based control strategies.
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              The genome of the hydatid tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus.

              Cystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease), caused by the tapeworm E. granulosus, is responsible for considerable human morbidity and mortality. This cosmopolitan disease is difficult to diagnose, treat and control. We present a draft genomic sequence for the worm comprising 151.6 Mb encoding 11,325 genes. Comparisons with the genome sequences from other taxa show that E. granulosus has acquired a spectrum of genes, including the EgAgB family, whose products are secreted by the parasite to interact and redirect host immune responses. We also find that genes in bile salt pathways may control the bidirectional development of E. granulosus, and sequence differences in the calcium channel subunit EgCavβ1 may be associated with praziquantel sensitivity. Our study offers insights into host interaction, nutrient acquisition, strobilization, reproduction, immune evasion and maturation in the parasite and provides a platform to facilitate the development of new, effective treatments and interventions for echinococcosis control.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2020
                03 June 2020
                : 27
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2020/01 )
                : 41
                Affiliations
                [1 ] National French Reference Centre for Echinococcosis, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté and University Hospital FR-25030 Besançon France
                [2 ] Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute AU-4006 Brisbane Queensland Australia
                [3 ] Department of Biology and School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford GB-M5 4WT Manchester United Kingdom
                [4 ] Department of Parasitology, Hohenheim University DE-70599 Stuttgart Germany
                [5 ] Institute of Parasitology, School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
                [6 ] Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán” AR-1281 Buenos Aires Argentina
                [7 ] WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis and State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia CN-830011 Urumqi PR China
                [8 ] Past-President of the World Association of Echinococcosis, President of the College of General Surgery of the Portuguese Medical Association PT-1649-028 Lisbon Portugal
                Author notes
                [a]

                World Association of Echinococcosis, President: Nazmyie Altintas, Turkey; the indexed list of Contributors, members of the World Association of Echinococcosis is given in Appendix.

                [* ]Corresponding author: dominique.vuitton@ 123456univ-fcomte.fr
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0043-3896
                Article
                parasite200043 10.1051/parasite/2020024
                10.1051/parasite/2020024
                7273836
                32500855
                b4f9ba3a-b42d-4487-a60c-13b1ee02a452
                © D.A. Vuitton et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2020

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 18 March 2020
                : 07 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 6, Equations: 0, References: 87, Pages: 41
                Categories
                Research Article

                cystic echinococcosis,alveolar echinococcosis,neotropical echinococcosis: echinococcus spp.,terminology,formalized consensus

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