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      Epidemic Alphaviruses: Ecology, Emergence and Outbreaks

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          Abstract

          Over the past century, the emergence/reemergence of arthropod-borne zoonotic agents has been a growing public health concern. In particular, agents from the genus Alphavirus pose a significant risk to both animal and human health. Human alphaviral disease presents with either arthritogenic or encephalitic manifestations and is associated with significant morbidity and/or mortality. Unfortunately, there are presently no vaccines or antiviral measures approved for human use. The present review examines the ecology, epidemiology, disease, past outbreaks, and potential to cause contemporary outbreaks for several alphavirus pathogens.

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          Changing patterns of chikungunya virus: re-emergence of a zoonotic arbovirus.

          Ann Powers, Christopher Logue (2007)
          Article 0 comments Cited 260 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Epidemic arboviral diseases: priorities for research and public health.

            Annelies Wilder-Smith, Duane J. Gubler, Scott C. Weaver … (2017)
            For decades, arboviral diseases were considered to be only minor contributors to global mortality and disability. As a result, low priority was given to arbovirus research investment and related public health infrastructure. The past five decades, however, have seen an unprecedented emergence of epidemic arboviral diseases (notably dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika virus disease) resulting from the triad of the modern world: urbanisation, globalisation, and international mobility. The public health emergency of Zika virus, and the threat of global spread of yellow fever, combined with the resurgence of dengue and chikungunya, constitute a wake-up call for governments, academia, funders, and WHO to strengthen programmes and enhance research in aedes-transmitted diseases. The common features of these diseases should stimulate similar research themes for diagnostics, vaccines, biological targets and immune responses, environmental determinants, and vector control measures. Combining interventions known to be effective against multiple arboviral diseases will offer the most cost-effective and sustainable strategy for disease reduction. New global alliances are needed to enable the combination of efforts and resources for more effective and timely solutions.
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              Vectors of Chikungunya virus in Senegal: current data and transmission cycles.

              M Diallo, J Thonnon, Mohamed M Traore … (1999)
              Chikungunya fever is a viral disease transmitted to human beings by Aedes genus mosquitoes. From 1972 to 1986 in Kédougou, Senegal, 178 Chikungunya virus strains were isolated from gallery forest mosquitoes, with most of them isolated from Ae. furcifer-taylori (129 strains), Ae. luteocephalus (27 strains), and Ae. dalzieli (12 strains). The characteristics of the sylvatic transmission cycle are a circulation periodicity with silent intervals that last approximately three years. Few epidemics of this disease have been reported in Senegal. The most recent one occurred in 1996 in Kaffrine where two Chikungunya virus strains were isolated from Ae. aegypti. The retrospective analysis of viral isolates from mosquitoes, wild vertebrates, and humans allowed to us to characterize Chikungunya virus transmission cycles in Senegal and to compare them with those of yellow fever virus.
              Article 0 comments Cited 125 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Microorganisms
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Microorganisms
                Journal ID (publisher-id): microorganisms
                Title: Microorganisms
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-2607
                Publication date (Electronic): 01 August 2020
                Publication date Collection: August 2020
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1167
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; srazar@ 123456utmb.edu
                [2 ]Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; rkkroonc@ 123456utmb.edu
                [3 ]Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA; nicholas.bergren@ 123456sanofi.com
                [4 ]Host-Microorganism Interaction Lab, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; vncamargos@ 123456gmail.com
                [5 ]Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: slrossi@ 123456utmb.edu ; Tel.: +409-772-9033
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9182-216X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4852-0449
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7926-0950
                Article
                Publisher ID: microorganisms-08-01167
                DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081167
                PMC ID: 7464724
                PubMed ID: 32752150
                SO-VID: b504a5ca-cdc0-47fc-ab5b-8f43e63e184b
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 26 June 2020
                Date accepted : 28 July 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: alphavirus,togaviridae,epizootic,enzootic,mosquitoes,outbreaks
                Data availability:
                Keywords: alphavirus, togaviridae, epizootic, enzootic, mosquitoes, outbreaks

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