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      Multibody dynamics analysis ( MDA ) as a numerical modelling tool to reconstruct the function and palaeobiology of extinct organisms

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      Palaeontology
      Wiley

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          Analysis of musculoskeletal systems in the AnyBody Modeling System

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            A virtual world of paleontology.

            Computer-aided visualization and analysis of fossils has revolutionized the study of extinct organisms. Novel techniques allow fossils to be characterized in three dimensions and in unprecedented detail. This has enabled paleontologists to gain important insights into their anatomy, development, and preservation. New protocols allow more objective reconstructions of fossil organisms, including soft tissues, from incomplete remains. The resulting digital reconstructions can be used in functional analyses, rigorously testing long-standing hypotheses regarding the paleobiology of extinct organisms. These approaches are transforming our understanding of long-studied fossil groups, and of the narratives of organismal and ecological evolution that have been built upon them.
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              Tyrannosaurus was not a fast runner.

              The fastest gait and speed of the largest theropod (carnivorous) dinosaurs, such as Tyrannosaurus, is controversial. Some studies contend that Tyrannosaurus was limited to walking, or at best an 11 m s(-1) top speed, whereas others argue for at least 20 m s(-1) running speeds. We demonstrate a method of gauging running ability by estimating the minimum mass of extensor (supportive) muscle needed for fast running. The model's predictions are validated for living alligators and chickens. Applying the method to small dinosaurs corroborates other studies by showing that they could have been competent runners. However, models show that in order to run quickly, an adult Tyrannosaurus would have needed an unreasonably large mass of extensor muscle, even with generous assumptions. Therefore, it is doubtful that Tyrannosaurus and other huge dinosaurs (approximately 6,000 kg) were capable runners or could reach high speeds.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Palaeontology
                Palaeontology
                Wiley
                0031-0239
                1475-4983
                July 31 2020
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
                Article
                10.1111/pala.12501
                b52865af-c2fe-4017-9741-e9cd6136ebed
                © 2020

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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